Comparative influence of gender, age, industry and management level on communication
-
DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(2).2021.14
-
Article InfoVolume 19 2021, Issue #2, pp. 170-182
- Cited by
- 842 Views
-
301 Downloads
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
The protracted COVID-19 pandemic repeatedly demonstrates the necessity of effective communication inside and outside organizations. However, a deficient comprehensive study of factors able to affect managerial communication limit further progress in the improvement of such business interactions. The research fills in the knowledge gap about the comparative influence of various factors on managerial communication and particularly the impact of individual and organizational characteristics of managers on communication. The paper aims to determine the significance of the relationships between managerial communication and age, genders, managerial levels, and industries in private companies from the energy, education, trade, service, extraction, construction, and production sectors. Within the organizational study, 224 subordinates from Kazakhstan firms reflected on their supervisors’ communications through a multivariate closed questionnaire. The obtained data was further processed and examined through correlation coefficients and dispersion analysis. The research results identified the considerable relationship between communication practices and managers’ age (R2=0.9637), managerial level (R2=0.9640), and industry (R2=0.9653). The study reveals the weak relationship between manager’s gender and communication practices (R2=0.1535): women insignificantly outperform men in this linking process. The research postulates that effectiveness of managerial communication considerably varies by managers’ age, managerial level, and industry, and insignificantly by gender. The paper lays the groundwork for gender-unbiased practices of human resource management and contributes to the idea of building diverse management teams.
- Keywords
-
JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)M54, M14, J24
-
References55
-
Tables5
-
Figures1
-
- Figure 1. Distribution of managers within the levels of communication practices
-
- Table 1. Reliability and validity
- Table 2. Dispersion analysis of the equation (2) parameters
- Table 3. Dispersion analysis of the equation (3) parameters
- Table 4. Dispersion analysis of the equation (4) parameters
- Table 5. Estimation of regression equations of the independent variables
-
- Adams-Dunford, J., Cuevas, F., & Neufeldt, E. (2019). Navigating Your Career as a Mid-Level Manager. New Directions for Student Services, 166, 29-40.
- Akkermans, J., Brenninkmeijer, V., & Blonk, R. W. B. (2015). Een nieuwe kijk op het werk en de loopbaan van jonge werknemers, Gedrag en Organisatie, 28(3), 220-242.
- Anzengruber, J., Goetz, M., Nold, H., & Woelfle, M. (2017). Effectiveness of managerial capabilities at different hierarchical levels. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(2), 134-148.
- Appelbaum, S. H., Shapiro, B. T., Didus, K., Luongo, T., & Paz, B. (2013a). Upward mobility for women managers: styles and perceptions: part 1. Industrial and Commercial Training, 45(1), 51-59.
- Appelbaum, S. H., Shapiro, B. T., Didus, K., Luongo, T., & Paz, B. (2013b). Upward mobility for women managers: styles and perceptions: part two. Industrial and Commercial Training, 45(2), 110-118.
- Arioglu, E. (2020). Female board members: the effect of director affiliation. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(2), 225-254.
- Armitage D., Deaton Staten, S., & Phillips Davis, R. (2019). Considerations for Retirement and Late Career Changes. New Directions for Student Services, 166, 73-82.
- Bal, M., Kooij, D., & Rousseau, D. (2015). Aging workers and the employee-employer relationship. New York: Springer.
- Bamel, U. K., Rastogi, R., Rangnekar, S., & Narayan, S. (2016). Role efficacy and people flexibility: examining moderating functions of demographic factors. In Sushil, K. Bhal, & S. Singh (Eds), Managing flexibility: people, process, technology and business (pp. 103-113). New Delhi: Springer.
- Bamel, U., Rangnekar, S., Stokes, P., & Rastogi, R. (2015). Managerial effectiveness: an Indian experience. Journal of Management Development, 34(2), 202-225.
- Baron, L., Rouleau, V., Grégoire, S., & Baron, C. (2018). Mindfulness and leadership flexibility. Journal of Management Development, 37(2), 165-177.
- Bell, R., & Roebuck, D. (2015). An Increasing Usefulness for Managerial Communication Research on the Main Topics of Management. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 16(2), 71-108.
- Bernerth, J. B., Cole, M.S., Taylor, E. C., & Walker, H. J. (2017). Control Variables in Leadership Research: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review. Journal of Management, 44(1), 131-160.
- Cabrera, S., Sauer, S., & Thomas-Hunt, M. (2009). The evolving manager stereotype: the effects of industry gender typing on performance expectations for leaders and their teams. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(4), 419-428.
- Eagly, A. H., & Sczesny, S. (Eds.). (2019). Gender Roles in the Future? Theoretical Foundations and Future Research Directions. Lausanne: Frontiers Media.
- Frey, C., & Osborne, M. (2016). The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerization? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254-280.
- Furnham, A., Guenole, N., Levine S. Z., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2013). The NEO Personality Inventory Revised: Factor Structure and Gender Invariance From Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Analyses in a High-Stakes Setting. Assessment, 20(1), 14-23.
- Gartzia, L., & van Engen, M. L. (2012). Are (male) leaders feminine enough? Gendered traits of identity as mediators of sex differences in leadership styles. Gender in Management, 27(5), 296-314.
- Gheorghe, P., Gârdan, D. A., & Gârdan, I.P. (2009). The importance of managerial communication in establishing the company marketing communication. The International Conference on Administration and Business ICEA–FAA, 316-322.
- Graham, E. K., Weston, S. J., Gerstorf, D., Yoneda, T. B., Booth, T., Beam, C. R., Petkus, A. J., Drewelies, J., Hall, A. N., Bastarache, E. D., Estabrook, R., Katz, M. J., Turiano, N. A., Lindenberger, U., Smith, J., Wagner, G. G., Pedersen, N. L., Allemand, M., Spiro, A., … Mroczek, D. K.(2020). Trajectories of big five personality traits: A coordinated analysis of 16 longitudinal samples. European Journal of Personality, 34(3), 301-321.
- Helfat, C. E., & Martin, J. A. (2014). Dynamic managerial capabilities: review and assessment of managerial impact on strategic change. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1281-1312.
- Herman, A. (2021). Indonesian government’s public communication management during a pandemic. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(1), 244-256.
- Hoyt, C., & Burnette J. (2013). Gender bias in leader evaluations. Personal and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(10), 1306-1319.
- Jyrkinen, M., & McKie, L. (2012). Gender, age and ageism: experiences of women managers in Finland and Scotland. Work, Employment and Society, 26(1), 61-77.
- Kamasak, R., Ozbilgin, M., Kucukaltan, B., & Yavuz, M. (2019). Regendering of dynamic managerial capabilities in the context of binary perspectives on gender diversity. Gender in Management: an International Journal, 35(1), 19-36.
- Kelemen, T. K., Matthews, S. H., Zhang, X., Bradley, B. H., & Liu, H. (2020). When does gender diversity enhance team performance? The dual need for transformational leadership and team tenure. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50(9), 501-511.
- Khorvash, F., & Afghari, A. (2016). Oral communication capabilities of managers: The case of Iranian middle managers. Cogent Social Sciences, 2(1), 1191104.
- Kor, Y., & Mesko, A. (2013). Dynamic managerial capabilities: configuration and orchestration of top executives’ capabilities and the firm’s dominant logic. Strategic Management Journal, 34(2), 233-244.
- Lauring, J., Selmer, J., & Kubovcikova, A. (2017). Personality in context: effective traits for expatriate managers at different levels. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(6), 1010-1035.
- Levasseur, R. E. (2013). People Skills: Developing Soft Skills – A Change Management Perspective. Interfaces, 43(6), 566-571.
- Lipovka, A., & Buzady, Z. (2020). Gender stereotypes about managers: a comparative study of Central-Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In I.Rybnikova, A. Soulsby, & S. Blazejewski (Eds.). Women in Management in Central and Eastern European Countries. JEEMS Journal of East European Management Studies, 15-36.
- Marsh, H. W., Nagengast, B., & Morin, A. J. S. (2013). Measurement invariance of big-five factors over the life span: ESEM tests of gender, age, plasticity, maturity, and la dolce vita effects. Developmental Psychology, 49, 1194-1218.
- Martin, A. E., & Phillips, K. W. (2017). What “blindness” to gender differences helps women see and do: implications for confidence, agency, and action in male-dominated environments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 142, 28-44.
- McCann, R. M., Giles, H., & Ota, H. (2017). Aging and communication across cultures. In L. Cheng (Ed.). Intercultural Communications. Boston, USA: De Gruyter Mouton, 289-308.
- Mintzberg, H. (2011). Managing. San Francisco. CA, USA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
- Mumford, T. V., Campion, M. A., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). The leadership skills strataplex: leadership skill requirements across organizational levels. Leadership Quarterly, 18(2), 154-66.
- Nguyen, T., White, S., Hall, K., Bell, R. L., & Ballentine, W. (2019). Emotional Intelligence and Managerial Communication. American Journal of Management, 19(2).
- Powell, G. N. (2019). Women and Men in Management (5th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
- Radu, C., Deaconu, A., & Frăsineanu, C. (2017). Leadership and Gender Differences – Are Men and Women Leading in the Same Way? Contemporary Leadership Challenges. Aida Alvinius: IntechOpen.
- Reguera-Alvarado, N., & Bravo-Urquiza, F. (2020). The impact of board diversity and voluntary risk disclosure on financial outcomes. A case for the manufacturing industry. Gender in Management, 35(5), 445-462.
- Ringblom, L., & Johansson, M. (2019). Who needs to be “more equal” and why? Doing gender equality in male-dominated industries. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion, 39(4), 2020, 337-353.
- RK Committee on Statistics, (2020). Women and Men in Kazakhstan 2015-2019. Statistical collection. Astana: Ministry of National Economy of Kazakhstan.
- Roebuck, D., Bell, R., & Hanscom, M. (2016). Differences in the observed frequency distributions of male and female feedback behaviors. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 21(2), 6-25.
- Sczesny, S., Christa, N., & Eagly, A.H. (2019). Agency and communion: Their implications for gender stereotypes and gender identities. In E. Abele, Andrea Wojciszke, Bogdan (Eds.), Agency and Communion in Social Psychology. Current issues in Social Psychology (pp. 103-116).
- Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2013). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (6th ed.). New York: Wiley.
- Shadare, O. A. (2011). Management style and demographic factors as predictors of managerial efficiency in work organizations in Nigeria. The International Business Economics Research Journal, 10, 85-93.
- Smirnova, Y., & Tatibekov, B. (2013). Older experts versus young enthusiasts: whom do Kazakhstani employers prefer? Quality in Ageing and Older Adults, 14(2), 128-138.
- Snaebjornsson, I. M., & Edvardsson, I. R. (2013). Gender, nationality and leadership style: A literature review. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(1).
- Strauser, D. R. (2014). Career development, employment and disability in rehabilitation: theory and practice. New York, USA: Springer.
- Sweida, G. L., & Woods, J. A. (2015). Comparing the development of entrepreneurial self-efficacy of female entrepreneurs in male- and female-dominated industries. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(03), 1550018.
- Szostek, D. (2021). Impact of demographic characteristics of personnel on the quality of employee relationships: the case of Poland. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(1), 1-12.
- Tonidandel, S., Braddy, P. W., & Fleenor, J. W. (2012). Relative importance of managerial skills for predicting effectiveness. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(6), 636-655.
- Turco C. J. (2016). A new era of corporate conversation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 58(1), 11-12.
- Von Hippel, C., Wiryakusuma, C., Bowden, J., & Shochet M. (2011). Stereotype threat and female communication styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(10), 1312-1324.
- Wilén, N., & Heinecken, L. (2018). Regendering the South African army: inclusion, reversal and displacement. Gender, Work and Organization, 25(6), 670-686.