“Factors impacting startup sustainability in the Czech Republic”

The startup ecosystem in the Czech Republic falls far below the level of the developed economies of its Western neighbors. The startup map of the Czech Republic shows 1,717 continuously operating startups. And yet they have yet to receive priority attention in the academic realm. The primary goal of this article is to define the key factors of startup sustainability and to look for dependencies between them. The secondary goal is to identify the weaknesses of the Czech startup environment. The scientific hypotheses formulated focus on demonstrating the dependencies of selected factors influencing the startup sustainability. These have been verified on the basis of evaluation of data obtained via primary qualitative and quantitative research. Its findings were compared with the data of secondary research and with the conclusions of the scientific studies of international authors. The data were processed using statistical apparatus. Thanks to this research, the authors have identified in their conclusion the factors of the remote, immediate, and interior environments that can influence startup sustainability. They demonstrate a correlation between the level of strategic management and the quality of internal communications processes, between the capacities of startup management to manage relationships with customers (CRM) and to drive communications strategy, including brand support. In real practice, however, nine out of ten startups do not succeed. The reason is that their design fails to understand and address the needs of customers and lacks marketing and managed sales.


INTRODUCTION
Germany, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, that is, countries that have decided to support science, research, innovation, and sustainable development as key national priorities, nowadays rank among prosperous economies.In the years 2006-2016, they followed a path of the massive support of the innovation and sustainable development (Piwowarski et al., 2018).The Czech Republic, too, has all the prerequisites for becoming a future European innovation leader.It must focus above all on supporting the creation of technical solutions, services based on knowledge, creation of added value, on the support of science and research, startups, and the creation of a spin-off entrepreneurial environment (see Havlíček et al., 2019).
The exact number of Czech start-ups cannot be formulated into concrete numbers because of a dynamic environment in the Czech Republic that it is difficult to be measured.Many start-ups have already disappeared, others are now emerging.The Aspen Institute's research based on a sample of 550 respondents from a number of startups states that about 80% of start-up founders used their own financial resources to start their business (Staszkiewicz & Havlíková, 2016).The fact of the lack of the investment environment in the Czech Republic that would motivate the creation and financing of new projects is confirmed by Šoltés and Štofa (2016), Bortlová (2015), Botric and Bozic (2017).Kozubikova, Kotaskova, Dvorsky, and Kljucnikov (2019) recommend facilitating the development of start-ups by reducing and removing administrative barriers, improving access to finance and adapting training programs involving entrepreneurship education at different levels of education.The fact that the Czech Republic does not appear among countries using venture capital for financing is also confirmed by the Invest Europe (2019) statistics.
The government agency CzechInvest partially supports the startup scene in the form of incubation and acceleration programs.Czechstartups.org serves as the official website of Czech startup activity.In 2012, StartupJobs.czwas launched -an internet portal for jobs in the Czech Republic that focuses on job offers from startups.Universities support the creation of startups/spin-offs intermittently, as they are generally regarded in the academic environment as high-risk endeavors (Belás et al., 2017;Peterkova et al., 2014).In terms of business practices, there is no sufficient motivation to the use of academic findings, whereas the approach of corporations and small-and medium-sized enterprises in the Czech Republic is rigid with regard to collaboration with startups (see Masopust & Ivanov, 2016;Virglerova et al., 2017).
The reason this topic was chosen is its pertinence.The originality and excellence of this article consist of defining the set of causes for startup dysfunction.This article is structured in the classical concept of a scientific study.The literature review presented serves as a literary input for examining the issues addressed, followed by the use of scientific methods, evaluation of findings, discussion, and conclusion.

LITERATURE REVIEW
In the new global economy, startup firms have been considered a key player in economic development.The reasons for their significance are their contributions to job creation (which increases employment) and economic growth at the regional, national, and industrial levels.Several breakthrough innovations and major businesses have been generated by startups (Tripathi et al., 2019).A similar opinion is evinced by D'Avino et al. (2015): "startup businesses have always played an important role in the global economy, but recently their importance has grown significantly".

Definition of terms
If we wish to examine the substance of this phenomenon, to respond to the question of what factors and prerequisites are necessary for startup sustainability, we must first define the concept of a startup itself.A startup company is considered an early stage in creating a new venture or organization (Salamzadeh & Kesim, 2015).Avnimelech and Teubal (2006) define startups as young, hightech companies whose main activity is to deal with a new venture idea up to the initial sales stage, which usually takes between one and five years.Zajko (2017) considers the start-up to be the initial phase in the life cycle of a company.If it survives the first 2 to 3 years and internal and external conditions are favorable, it should continue with the growth phase.According to Hathaway (2016), a start-up is defined as a new, yet-to-be-established business based on an innovative business model and funded by start-up capital.
With the same revolutionary speed that technology is changing, the term startup itself is acquiring new dimensions.The technical public does not see it merely as a stepping stone from the absolute beginning of entrepreneurialism into subsequent development stages.The startup is perceived as the basic form of business, which enables the creation of a rapidly growing innovation project.It ultimately carries out the successful placement of a new product on the market, develops information technology, or executes a change of technical process, ideally in a global environment and with long-term gain.For more details, see Frederiksen and Brem (2017), Stolze et al. (2014), Tanev (2017), Coviello (2015), Mercandetti et al. (2017), Luger and Koo (2005).There were introduced three criteria that determine the defining scope of a startup: 1) new, 2) active, and 3) independent.
Many authors place an emphasis on innovativeness (e.g.Gimenez-Fernandez & Beukel, 2017; Haines, 2016; Spender et al., 2017, etc.), which nonetheless need not consist of the development of radically new technologies, new applications, applications in fields related to the advent of artificial intelligence and the processing of big data.Startups can combine existing available technologies in an innovative manner and thus wield a significant competitive advantage compared to established companies or other startups.

Prerequisites for startup sustainability
Blank and Dorf (2012) define 9 major startup elements.A vision alone is not enough for a startup to be successful.In order for the project to go in the right direction and be successful, it is necessary to take into account 9 influential elements.Every successful company uses these points: 1) value proposition -which sector the product or service is targeting, its main characteristic, what differentiates it from the competition; 2) customer segment -consisting of the target audience and the solution to the problem that the product offers; 3) channels -distribution and how products are sold; 4) relationships with customers -including efforts to create demand; 5) cost structure -including fixed and variable costs; 6) key activities -the tasks the company must perform to achieve success; It can be said that the ambiguity of the findings gathered leads to understanding that the global results of a range of studies are practically incomparable.There is a wide variation between the approach of researchers, research questions, hypotheses, forms of obtaining and evaluating information and size of study samples.They are influenced by the economic and technological development of the territory examined, as well as by the legislative and subsidy conditions in the given country.

METHODOLOGY
The primary goal of this article is to define the key factors of startup sustainability and to look for dependencies between them.The secondary goal is to identify the weaknesses of the Czech startup environment.The study is meant to be the beginning of a long-term research endeavor whose purpose will be to continually map trends in the startup environment in the Czech Republic, to compare this with trends in comparable economies, and to seek pathways for its continued sustainability and subsequent transition to a classic business.The findings gained may be used to integrate the academic and business spheres and can help increase the success of startup companies.
H1: A significant dependency exists between the level of strategic management and the quality of internal communications processes.
H2: A significant dependency exists between the ability of a startup's management to manage relationships with customers (CRM) and drive communications strategy, including brand support.
H3: Number of employees is not significantly dependent in relation to the management of company culture.
Dependencies brought in the hypotheses have not yet been researched in the Czech Republic and their statement is based on personal interviews of researchers with a representative of CzechINvest.

Research methodology
The authors used the method of comparing the relevant data of their own primary research with secondary data/outputs of the research of Keirets Forum CEE.The data of this study were obtained using individual interviews with dozens of startup entrepreneurs.The individual interviews lasted between 20 minutes and 1.5 hours and took place face to face, by phone, or via Skype.Others took place as part of 5 group discussions.Each group discussion took approx.1.5-2 hours.The individual interviews lasted between 20 minutes and 1.5 hours and took place face to face, by phone, or via Skype.The quantitative research took place with an online questionnaire, where the Kvalikvant environment was used for programming the questionnaire and collecting the data.The research topics related to the profile of startups, strategy, startup success factors.
The research performed by representatives of VŠFS, a.s.took place using similar methods.
Quantitative research via an online questionnaire in the Survio application environment (185 links to the environment of the questionnaire at Survio.com were sent out, with a rate of return of 81.08%).A questionnaire was used for the study whose reliability has been validated.Only questionnaires with completed experimental data were included in the study sample.80 individual telephone conversations took place afterwards, where the research topics related to startup success factors.The statistically evaluated parameters were also commented on by the authors based on the information obtained through qualitative research.The sample obtained by researchers from VŠFS, n = 150, was tested in the first stage from the perspective of completeness of test variables using the program SPSS.The study sample scored 100% in the test of data completeness.In the subsequent step, the reliability of test data was validated using Cronbach's Alpha.A Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.7 and above indicates a high level of consistency and reliability of the test sample.The calculation of this indicator result-ed in a value of 0.907.Based on this result, the study data may be declared highly consistent and reliable.
An average value was calculated from the comparable data obtained.It can be stated that the outputs of the primary and secondary research differed in approx.5% of the responses; the standard deviation σ may be considered negligible for the needs of this study.One limitation is the fact that it was not possible to compare individual respondents as to whether these were not the same companies.However, the probability of this factor was low.

Correlation analysis
Correlations, in various forms, are the most common statistical characteristics throughout the technical literature (Řehák & Brom, 2015).The purpose of the correlation analysis is to determine the mutual relationship of the given quantities.Dependencies between variables were determined using the method of calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient, which measures the strength of the linear dependency between two quantities.The results of correlation analysis are used to confirm or refute hypotheses H1, H2, and H3.
Correlation analysis was performed using the statistics program IBM SPSS ver.25.The results of the correlation analysis are listed in Tables 8 and 9.

Description of variables examined
When validating the dependencies of the examined variables, the study focused on an evaluation of the relationships between the variables listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Description of variables examined
Source: Authors' analysis.

EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the first phase of the study, factors were identified that could influence the success and sustainability of startups.Outputs of the primary and secondary research were evaluated, the average value of responses was calculated.The used data sample is representative and relevant, as shown in subsection 3.2.(Průcha, 2018).This factor can be considered significant.The predominant legal form of business is limited liability company [společnost s ručením omezeným, The most strongly represented is the category of companies from 1 to 19 employees.The results of this finding are not in any way surprising, as startups begin as small companies and only expand as part of their life cycle and success.In the Czech Republic, startups predominate in the fields of software, online services, and e-commerce.On the contrary, there is very low representation of companies in the fields of manufacturing, materials, hardware, and IoT.At the same time, it is worthy of note that the greatest share of startups see the field of their business as occupying the boundaries between several categories, and resist self-classification into merely a single category.Evaluating the factor of applying knowledge in the area of marketing management brought important findings.Startup entrepreneurs do not work with strategic long-term planning, do not use marketing services externally, but cover this area with their own resources, and systematically fail to devote much attention to this area.Startups are primarily focused on their own business and deprioritize everything not directly associated with product development in the initial phases.Almost a quarter did not perform any competitor analysis at all, over half did not compile a marketing plan, only a fifth has secured communication toward customer segments externally, approx.a tenth does not address it even internally.The researchers conclude that the core of most problems of Czech startups is inadequate processing of marketing analysis.Lack of understanding of the market and the customer is usual-ly a barrier that will emerge in many subsequent steps in the future.The main reasons for addressing marketing communication using internal resources include the presumed financial costliness and the concern of the startups that the external solution will not be flexible enough, will not be capable of meeting the specific needs of the startups, and will not be capable of responding to fast-paced events and changes.Startup entrepreneurs do not pay sufficient attention to managed marketing communication tools and brand management.
It can be seen from the study that a factor influencing sustainability is the acquisition of high-quality human resources.Significant obstacles are the complex bureaucracy and concern of high administrative and tax burden.
From the above factors, the researchers focused on factors, which in their professional experience, and above all the opinion of the respondents, significantly influences startup sustainability.The selected factors were examined using correlation analysis.

Correlation analysis findings
Prior to completing the correlation analysis of the variables in Table 8, a test was performed of the reliability of the variables examined by calculating the Cronbach's Alpha indicator, where a value of 0.882 indicated a high level of reliability and consistency of analyzed data.As Table 8 shows, the test data derived confirmed the high degree of correlation of the variables -level of operations and strategic management, process maturity, and Table 8.Correlation analysis of the level of management of selected internal communication processes Source: Authors' analysis using SPSS.

Level of operations management
Pears  H1 presumed a significant dependency existing between the level of strategic management and the quality of internal communications processes.The value of 0.755 demonstrated a strong dependency between the given quantities; hypothesis 1 can be confirmed.
Prior to completing the correlation analysis of the variables in Table 9, a test was performed of the reliability of the variables examined by calculating the Cronbach's Alpha indicator, where a value of 0.820 indicated a high level of reliability and consistency of analyzed data.As shown in Table 10, data testing confirmed the strong correlation between the following variables -the factor of capability of management to conduct CRM, company culture, communications strategy, and brand support.The number of employees in comparison to the other factors expressed a weak positive correlation, but it could not be considered significant.
H2 presumes that a significant dependency exists between the capacity of startup management to drive relationships with customers (CRM) and communications strategy, including brand support.The value of 0.692 achieved is distinct for its strong positive correlation, this dependency can be designated as significant and H2 can be confirmed.H3 presumes that a number of employees is not significantly dependent in relation to the management of company culture.The value of 0.427 achieved denotes a weak positive correlation, on which basis H3 can be confirmed.

Discussion
First, it is worth discussing the highlighted factors presented in the first phase of the research, then to comment on the outputs of correlation analysis and to support the verification of the hypothesis through argument.The results presented can be classified into the relevant interdisciplinary connections between fields of study -management, marketing, HR, economics, etc.
In the first phases of a startup company, the primary goal is not to generate a profit, but above all rapid growth and expansion.One of the options for distinguishing the factors that influence the sustainability of business -that is, the transition from startup to classic business -is their division in relation to their appearance in the market environment.The proposal corresponds to the theory of analysis of the customer environment as described in the publications of Kotler and Keller (2013), Porter (2004), Affonina (2015), Magretta (2012) and others.
Table 9. Correlation analysis of the level of selected marketing activities of selected internal communication processes Source: Authors' analysis using SPSS.Note: ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) (this means high quality statistical data at the level of 1% deviation).

Factors of the wider environment above all the macro and microeconomic, legislative, the technological, political, sociological, etc.
A startup entrepreneur cannot manage these factors, but must know and respect them.In terms of political decisions, it can be stated that in the Czech Republic, it is a period extraordinarily favorable to establishing startups.The goal is for the ideas of young people not merely to end at the hand of foreign investors", he said on one of the key tasks of the government-approved Innovation Strategy for the Actions of Andrej Babiš (Úřad vlády ČR a RVVI, 2019).
The legislative and economic factor is also important for startups, whether in terms of simplified administration for businesses and the digitization thereof, through the addressing of tax matters, such as the option for immediately claiming of VAT for newly created startups, to the legislative foundation of this business form and its support.It is worth discussing the creation of the foundation of an entire ecosystem in the form of suitably earmarked subsidies for projects that need "long money" -e.g.development of breakthrough technologies in health care and others.

Factors of the immediate environment -the situation in the industry, customer needs, requirements, and expectations, and competitors
For beginning startups, the factor of attractiveness and openness of the industry is one of the most important.Satisfying customer PPO allows for sustainable startup development.To satisfy the customer, however, presumes an ability on the part of startup entrepreneurs to accurately per-form the segmentation of the potential audience of the product on offer, to define whether they will operate on a B2B market or a B2C or B2G market.The product on offer must be unique for the customer and must bring him high added value.The startup entrepreneur must also offer a creative communication campaign, including support of the brand of the startup itself or the product on offer, which will serve to invoke in the customer the desire for the product, which often requires a high level of investment in technology and marketing, and, according to Kupec (2018), is a high-risk activity of marketing communications.
Startup vendors may not only be the representatives of private venture capital funds, investors, but also the providers of advisory services (representatives of science and research, university platforms, other educational institutions, consultation in the fields of sales and marketing strategy, protection of intellectual property, legal, economic, or tax services, proprietors of incubators or business accelerators, etc.).The startup entrepreneur must know how to "sell", how to present his product and arouse the feeling about it that it will pay off to work with the startup.

Factors of the internal environment of the startup -this is derived from founder knowledge, skills, and qualities
This is decided by the personality of the founder, his age, level of enthusiasm, daring, capability to overcome fear of failure and believe in success, patience -persistence, endurance, and ability to learn from past mistakes.Motivation and higher value are also important -faith in higher purpose, that what he is doing will bring good to all of society, sufficient self-confidence, managerial competency.
H1 presumed a significant dependency existing between the level of strategic management and the quality of internal communications processes.Although it was demonstrated, the real practice of the study sample of startup entrepreneurs -see Table 6 -showed that startup entrepreneurs prioritize operations management, and do not add short-term goals into connection with longterm goals.This more easily leads to errors in management, which can cause outputs that can-not be incorporated with long-term sustainability.This error becomes more pronounced in cases of poor, uncoordinated internal communication of long-term goals.A fundamental error is that they have not sufficiently communicated internally the needs or problems that their product solves, and instead concentrate on the rapid execution of their idea.
H2 presumes that a significant dependency exists between the capacity of startup management to drive relationships with customers (CRM) and communications strategy, including brand support.Although it has been demonstrated, in the real startup environment, management does not focus on these activities.They primarily focus on sometimes altogether inadequate conclusions related to the attractiveness and novelty of their product, which they nonetheless fail to support with a communication campaign to the exterior environment, namely the customers.They underestimate the importance of a creative communications campaign, the creation of a relationship between the customer and the brand, the company.
The above outputs confirmed the findings published in the academic studies listed in the literature review.In connection with the topic of our research, we consider it significant to incorporate factors on the organizational, individual, and external environments.Santisteban and Mauricio (2017) identify 13 critical factors including as important the marketing and human resources team, namely the factors of the internal environment of the startup at which we have also arrived through our research.This also confirms the findings of Basri and Siam (2017) regarding the fact that despite the easy accessibility of platforms for social media, startups do not manage to maximize their potential to the benefit of their companies.
Practice shows that marketing is fundamental to startup sustainability and its role will continue to increase as part of the Marketing 4.0 environment.Marketing and its management must permeate the entire evolution of the startup.This does not consist solely of classical promotion in the online and offline environments but an overall mindset and approach to thinking about business as such. In

CONCLUSION
This article defines the term startup -it is a company that is being created with an expectation of high growth in the near future.The scalability, or possibilities to expand the circle of customers into a more or less arbitrary dimension and at low incremental costs differentiates the startup from typically beginning companies.
The main goal of the study was to define the key factors for the sustainability of startup companies.These were subsequently divided on the basis of the research outputs into factors appearing in the wider, immediate, and internal environments of beginning companies.A satisfied customer is a key factor for the sustainability of businesses, whose loyalty can be earned using CRM tools.The attention of the customer must be captivated by a creative communication campaign and brand support.As was proven, startup entrepreneurs do not consider these factors decisive for their success, prioritizing instead the development of the product.Its uniqueness, however, is not presented to the customer with sufficient effectiveness due to an absence of customer relations management and their own unwillingness (due to lack of knowledge, ability, or respect for order, or concerns of high financial costs, etc.) to execute a communication campaign.The personality of the startup entrepreneur and his capability to strategically manage internal processes toward long-term goals, and to communicate them across the team continues to be considered a key factor.
The secondary goal was to identify the weaknesses of the Czech startup environment.The currently low interest of classical financial institutions in investing in beginning companies may be considered a weakness -in the Czech Republic, an investment environment has not been developed that would motivate the establishment and financing of new projects.The targeted national concept for founding, developing, and financing startups was submitted by the RVVI only at the beginning of 2019, and thus far lacks specific implementation tools.Universities support the creation of startups/spin-offs intermittently, as they are generally regarded in the academic environment as high-risk endeavors.For some time, the necessary in-depth analysis of the Czech startup environment has been lacking.Czechs, compared to other nationalities, do not know how to sell themselves, and tend to be reserved in their marketing.
The goals articulated may be considered met.
The sustainability of individual startups is derived from the level of development of the overall startup ecosystem in the given country.This can be compared to a snowball effect -the more experienced business owners return to business after their first exit, the better it is for the scene.At the same time, the money that they earned with their first exist are often recycled within the startup scene, which once again supports its further development.A similar principle is exhibited by investors as well -if they find and support quality projects, their investment gains value and confidence in investing in startups increases.A similar effect can be expected from scientific institutions -the larger the number of successful spin-offs, the more levels of trust in the benefit of scientific institutions for development of startups.
It is necessary to support this development, present examples of best practice, to learn from the mistakes of the less successful.
The above facts confirm the importance of the research presented in this article.Startups may be unsuccessful thanks to the disproportionate positioning of the resources and activities of startup entrepreneurs with regard to their internal and external environment.This determines the necessary direction of subsequent research for identifying specific strengths and opportunities to leverage them, weaknesses and proposals for addressing them.The study, whose limiting factor is the variability of the startup business environment, should form a starting point for initiating a long-term study.Its purpose will be to continually map the development of the startup environment in the Czech Republic in comparison with development in comparable economies, to see options for its effective support and development in connection with the priorities of the individual economies.It will be important not only to describe and evaluate the status, but also to understand the thinking of startups and investors, as well as to capture the view of the technical public and small business owners.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
These results were achieved through work on the student project "Business incubator as a tool of cooperation of academic environment with real practice in the Czech Republic and abroad" using objective-oriented support for specific university research of the University of Finance and Administration.

Table 2 .
Structure of analyzed startups according to a place of operation -a factor of location Source: Own processing.

Place of operation VŠFS data % responses n = 150 KEIRETSU FORUM data % responses n = 101 The average value in % responses
velopment of the startup ecosystem are available in Prague (Praguestartupcentre).Business and innovation are supported by the Operational Program Prague -Field of Growth Czech Republic.Prague vouchers support innovation projects -a collaboration with companies with research and development organizations for the purpose of the product, process, or service innovation.From approx.60 startups that are founded in the Czech Republic every month, 40 of them are founded in Prague.Eight to nine startups out of 10 will quickly fold, because they do not have a functioning business model, they have not calculated everything well, or they have not succeeded in attracting the interest or attention of customers

Table 3 .
Structure of analyzed startups by legal form of business -a factor of the suitability of resources from legal form Source: Own processing.

Table 1 (
cont.).Description of variables examined .r.o.], followed far behind by natural persons and joint-stock companies.Most startups function in the form of a traditional s.r.o.In the Czech Republic, this is the most widely used legal form of a company, for entrepreneurs, it is relatively simple to establish, initial costs are lower than with joint-stock companies.The factor of suitability of resources from legal form can be considered significant. s

Table 5 .
Startups by area of business -the factor of attractiveness of their industry or field Source: Own processing.

Table 6 .
View of startups on planning and executing marketing activities -the factor of applying knowledge in the area of marketing management Source: Own processing.

Table 7 .
Other factors influencing success of startups -processing information from qualitative research, personal interviews with owners of startups Source: Own processing.The factor of number of employees in comparison to the other factors expressed a weak positive correlation, but it could not be considered significant.

Capability of management to conduct CRM Factor of managing company culture Capacity of management to drive communications strategy and support brand Factor of number of employees
Under the leadership of prime minister Andrej Babiš, the Council for Research, Development and Innovation, 2019 [Rada pro výzkum, vývoj a inovace, RVVI] met for its regular conference on Friday, March 29, 2019 to discuss action plans of the newly implemented Innovation Strategy of the Czech Republic 2019-2030 and to propose the state budget for research and development for 2020 with a view to the years 2021 and 2022."We are preparing a revolutionary solution for motivation and financing of spin-offs and startups.We are involving the government.