“Examining the adoption of mobile banking: Empirical evidence from Indonesian Muslim students”

The shifting trend toward m-banking services has caused competition, as multiple banks compete to convince customers to adopt m-banking services, and so must deliver excellent services. As a result, banks must prioritize meeting client expectations and providing high-quality services to compete. This study aims to examine the factors influencing Muslim students’ intentions to use mobile banking (m-banking) in Islamic banks (IB), conventional banks (CB), and conventional Islamic banks in Indonesia (ICB). The study sample consisted of 315 Muslim students who use m-banking in Islamic banks, 369 Muslim students who use conventional banks, and 207 Muslim students who use conventional Islamic banks. The partial least square (PLS) method was used to evaluate the unified theory of acceptance and the use of technology (UTAUT) on Muslim students’ intention in using m-banking. Based on the value of the coefficient of determinant (R2), the UTAUT model in this study is classified as a moderate model. This study reveals that facilitating conditions (FC), habit (HA) and performance expectancy (PE) affect Muslim students’ intentions to use m-banking at Islamic and conventional banks. Meanwhile, the intentions of Muslim students who use m-banking in conventional Islamic banks is influenced by effort expectancy (EE), FC, HA and PE. Surprisingly, social influence (SI) has no effect on Muslim students’ intentions to use mobile banking at Islamic, conventional, and Islamic conventional banks.

than those of other banks.Therefore, meeting customer needs and providing quality services are topnotch priority for banks in order to win the competition (Meshal et al., 2015).In addition, banks must overcome public views related to infrastructure issues to support the ease, convenience, and security of using m-banking services (Oliveira et al., 2014).Likewise, banks are also required to understand the character of m-banking users, including their age, gender, occupation, and income.Out of the 270.2 million of Indonesian current population, the younger generation dominates by 53.81%.The young generation who are popularly referred to as the millennial generation (born in 1981-1996) amounted to 25.87%, while Generation Z (born in 1997-2012) amounted to 27.94% (Biro Pusat Statistik, 2020).Millennials and Generation Z are known as technology-adaptive generations who prefer fast, easy, and affordable matters.This condition has generated the popular use of m-banking services among the younger generation for various transactions (Payne et al., 2018).Therefore, a thorough grasp of the reasons that motivate Muslim students in the Millennial and Generation Z generations to use mobile banking will enable banks to compete effectively.

LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT
The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model was developed by Venkatesh et al. (2003).Initially, Venkatesh et al. (2003) presented Performance Expectancy (PE), Facilitating Condition (FC), Social Influencing (SI) and Effort Expectancy (EE) as a continuation of the theory of reasoned action (TRA), technology acceptance model (TAM), theory of planned behavior (TPB), PC utilization model, social cognitive theory, TAM-TPB, and innovation diffusion theory (IDT) (Samsudeen et al., 2020).Then, Venkatesh et al. (2012) entered the price value (PV), hedonic motivation (HM) and habit (HA) to refine the previous UTAUT model with the name UTAUT 2.
PE describes the extent to which individuals believe they will benefit from the use of new technology (Venkatesh et al., 2003(Venkatesh et al., , 2012)).Individuals are more motivated to accept and use new technology based on their practicality in their daily lives ( (Farzin et al., 2021b).
EE describes the level of ease of individuals in using the system (Venkatesh et al., 2003).Social influence is defined as individuals' beliefs about how their relatives or friends would feel if they adopted the technology (Venkatesh et al., 2003).From the perspective of m-banking, it refers to an individual's perception of how their relatives or friends feel when using m-banking.In other words, SI refers to how social pressure generated by the surrounding environment of individuals, including friends, relatives, and superiors, can influence their perceptions and behavior to take specific actions (Tarhini et al., 2016 H1: PE has a positive effect on the intention to use m-banking in IB (H1a), CB (H1b), and ICB (H1c).
H2: EE has a positive effect on the intention to use m-banking in IB (H2a), CB (H2b), and ICB (H2c).
H3: SI has a positive effect on the intention to use m-banking in IB (H3a), CB (H3b), and ICB (H3c).

RESEARCH DATA AND METHODS
The research population is Muslim students who use m-banking, conventional, and conventional Islamic banks.This study used the approach suggested by Kline (2016)

RESULTS
As shown in Table 2, all factor loadings of the three bank groups are above 0.55 (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007).Likewise, Table 3 shows that all constructs have Cronbach's alpha values higher than 0.   Likewise, H4a, H4b and H4c are also accepted, as shown by the fact that PE is considered the

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
The m-banking platform of Islamic banks has not met the increasing expectations of Muslim students to use m-banking sustainably.Customers tend to opt for m-banking applications with better access and unsophisticated technology (Ghalandari, 2012;Lin & Lin, 2014;Tarhini et al., 2016).Muslim students who tend to prefer ease of access, fast pace, and affordability assume that m-banking is not in line with the desired expectations.This situation indicates the low intention of Muslim students to use of m-banking given their limited source of income, which prevents them for making various types of financial transaction.Most of students only make transactions related to their activities as students, such as paying tuition fees, paying contracts, buying cosmetics, and food, because most transactions of significant values are routinely handled by their parents, such as paying for electricity, telephone, internet, and insurance.Besides, the lack of Muslim students' intention in using m-banking is highly influenced by the availability of other financial transaction service providers, such as Financial Technology (FinTech), which provides similar services, especially in payment systems commonly used by students.The habits of Muslim students to use technological facilities to support their daily activities affect the transaction platform.The growing use of smartphones has caused the younger generation to become accustomed to using m-banking (Ramírez-Correa et al., 2019).Likewise, the higher a person's education, the higher the need for high technology (Kwateng et al., 2019), especially during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, which encourages Muslim students to have smartphones to support the online learning process.This situation has generated higher intensity of Muslim students to use their smartphone from time to time, especially given the more advanced smartphone facilities, which encourages Muslim students to adopt the new habit of using smartphones for any transactions through m-banking.A practical mindset favoring comfort, and high mobility tends to be less patient, not to mention the adventurous souls of these students, which drive them to opt for faster and more efficient financial services to adjust to their transaction needs by involving technology in all aspects of life (Nuangjamnong, 2021).Therefore, the habit of solving problems through smartphones increases the intensity of Muslim students in using m-banking services.
Improving the performance of Muslim students affects the intention in their use of m-banking services.M-banking platform has been used to assist customers in their transactions.The higher intensity of customer's use of m-banking indicates m-banking ability to help customers solve transaction problems they face.Customers belief on the reliability of m-banking to help solve problems will increase the need to use m-banking (Alalwan et al., 2018;Yu, 2012).The use of m-banking is a great help for Muslim students and provides them with many benefits, thus maintaining their loyalty in using m-banking services.The technological advancement adopted by banks will improve m-banking performance and offer more benefits to customers (Mortimer et al., 2015;Tarhini et al., 2016).
Muslim students tend to be determined with a particular m-banking services they have selected, and keep this personal choice with themselves, instead of sharing it to others.As a result, social influences do not affect their intention in using m-banking.Customers' intentions to prevent themselves from possible personal data breach problems as a way to protect financial transaction has restricted them from sharing their experience in using m-banking (Kim et

CONCLUSION
The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence Muslim students' intention to adopt m-banking in three distinct bank classes: Islamic Banks, Conventional Banks, and Islamic Conventional Banks.The UTAUT framework is used in this study to explain why people intend to use mobile banking.According to PLS-SEM analysis, EE and SI had no effect on Muslim students' intentions to use mobile banking.However, it is known that Muslim students have not considered m-banking services of Islamic banks as a platform to meet their transaction needs on an ongoing basis.In addition, it is also obvious that most of Muslim students consider m-banking as a sensitive issue due to its relatively personal matter.From these findings, it is compulsory for Islamic banks to promote the benefits of m-banking for Muslim students to the greatest possible extent.This socialization is intended to increase the literacy level of Muslim students about the usability of m-banking technology of Islamic Banks in answering their problems.This way, Muslim students are expected to consider m-banking as a platform that can answer the problems they face.
Although this study was successful in explaining Muslim students' intentions to use mobile banking, it has numerous limitations.First, this study's respondents were overwhelmingly female.Gender is a moderating factor that impacts the inclination to adopt information technology (Kholid et al., 2018).In this sense, future study could incorporate gender characteristics into m-banking adoption studies.Second, the model used in this study is still classified as moderate.As a result, future studies should examine other relevant variables to strengthen the research model that accounts for the intention to adopt m-banking.Thirdly, this study is currently in its early stages of adoption.Subsequent research should assess Muslim students' intentions to continue using mobile banking.
In addition, H2a, H2b and H2c are accepted, highlighting that FC influences INT of Muslim students to use m-banking in Islamic banks, conventional banks, and conventional Islamic banks.FC has a positive effect on INT (β = 0.449 and p < 0.01) in Islamic banks, INT (β = 0.381 and p < 0.01) in conventional banks and INT (β = 0.195 and p < 0.01) in conventional Islamic banks.These results are consistent with the findings of Alalwan et al. (2018), Raza et al. (2019) which reveal the positive influence between FC and INT using m-banking.Moreover, H3a, H3b and H3c are also accepted, showing that HA affects INT (β = 0.122 and p < 0.01) of Muslim students in Islamic banks, INT (β = 0.297 and p < 0.01) in conventional banks and INT (β = 0.150 and p < 0.01) in Islamic-Conventional banks.Similar results were also found in previous studies conducted by Palau-Saumell et al. (2019), Raza et al. (2019).
The data were analyzed using a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM), which was supported by the SmartPLS 3.0 software.The data is evaluated in two steps using PLS-SEM, namely the analysis of the measurement model and the analysis of the structural model.
, who stated that studies based on SEM generally have a minimum sample size of 200 responses.On this basis, this study involved 315 Muslim students who only used m-banking services of Islamic banks, 369 Muslim students who only used m-banking services of conventional banks, and 207 Muslim students who use m-banking of both types of banks, Islamic banks, and conventional banks.Muslim students aged between 17 and 26 years old were involved as the research respondents.The minimum age of 17 was determined for the reason that only individuals aged 17 and above are allowed to open a bank account and access m-banking.Meanwhile, the maximum age limit of 27 years old was set because 27 is the maximum age for average students to complete their study at college.The sample of Muslim students were collected from 33 provinces in Indonesia by considering that the branch office services of Islamic and conventional banks are spread across 33 provinces in Indonesia.Then, to determine the level of the respondents' understanding on the questions, a trial was conducted on 37 respondents.From the results of these tri-als, several questions with high level of difficulties to understand by the sample were corrected or deleted.This study used the model utilized in previous research on customer intention to use m-banking services(Farzin etal., 2021b; Im et al., 2011; Samsudeen et al., 2020; Suhartanto et al., 2021; Thaker et al., 2021; Venkatesh et al., 2012; Yu, 2012).The survey instrument consisted of 6 constructs, each of which comprised 4 questions.The answer choices refer to a five-point Likert scale adapted from Bhatti and Qureshi (2007) with a rating of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), behavioral intentions 3 (neutral), 4 (agree) and 5 (strongly agree).This study used five Likert scales to measure survey questions taken from the research of Venkatesh et al. (2012), Raza et al. (2019), Samsudeen et al. (2020), and Farzin et al. (2021a).

Table 1 .
Respondents' profile (Gefen et al., 1988)Gefen et al., 1988)gher than 0.7, and average variance explained (AVE) values higher than 0.5(Bagozzi & Yi, 1988;Gefen et al., 1988).All this confirms the convergent validity of the model.Meanwhile, in Table4, the Fornell-Larcker criterion indicates good discriminant validity because the AVE square root value of the three bank groups is greater than the correlation between latent constructs(Gefen et al., 1988).

Table 3 .
CA, CR and AVE

Table 5
shows that H1a and H1b are rejected.In other words, EE does not affect IN of Muslim students who have m-banking in Islamic and conventional banks.These results are similar to those revealed by Tarhini et al. (2016), which highlighted that EE did not affect IN in using internet banking in Islamic banks.In contrast, H1c is accepted, since EE of Muslim students who use m-banking in conventional Islamic banks has a positive effect (β = 0.288 and p < 0.01) on INT.However, EE does Banks and Bank Systems, Volume 17, Issue 2, 2022 http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.17(2).2022.12not affect IN of Muslim students who use m-banking in Islamic and conventional banks.Meanwhile, EE has a positive effect on the INT of Muslim students who use m-banking in conventional Islamic banks, supporting previous research conducted by Alalwan et al. (2018) and Raza et al. (2019).

Table 5 .
Hypotheses testing Davis et al. (2017)find that FinTech is currently at the forefront and is the main attraction for stakeholders.
Wang, 2014)Oliveira et al., 2014; Raza et al., 2019;Wang, 2014).Muslim students realize that m-banking is a sensitive platform that may attract unlawful actions of irresponsible parties.However, the low literacy level of Muslim students about the use of m-banking in the public sphere has led them to consider the use of m-banking as a personal matter.This situation has generated slow direct socialization of the use of m-banking among, and thus creates an underrated acceleration of m-banking technology.On this basis, Islamic banks are suggested to use social media as an alternative social platform to influence Muslim students to use m-banking.