“The effect of relational support, educational support, personal attitudes and uncertainty on entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical investigation of university students”

Entrepreneurship is identical with the risk of uncertain environment or market. This risk makes many university graduates hesitant about pursuing a career as an entrepre-neur. So that universities play an important role in producing graduates who are ready for entrepreneurship, to support them in terms of education, in addition to several other supporting factors such as family, friends, and especially themselves. This research objective is to analyze the effect of educational support, relational support, personal attitudes, and uncertainty on entrepreneurial intents. State university students in East Java, Indonesia, became the population in this study. This area was chosen because it is the biggest contributor to successful entrepreneurs in Indonesia. This study used a sample of 113 students. Although limited in number, they were evenly sourced from large and well-known universities, and a good entrepreneurial atmosphere was provided for the students. Statistical tests with AMOS were used to test this relationship. Normality assumption test, validity and reliability test, as well as hypothesis testing, are directed to look for the importance of the connection. Relational support has the strongest influence, followed by personal attitude, uncertainty, and the lowest is educational support. These results indicate that internal forces exert a stronger effect than external stimuli. This study found that academy graduates choose careers as entrepreneurs through various considerations. The strongest consideration is relational support. Those with an entrepreneurial family background have a stronger intention to be entrepreneurs.


INTRODUCTION
Particularly for business actors with limited resources, the insecurity of the current scenario is a severe blow to the economy of a nation and the corporate world.Uncertainty seems to be an inseparable part of entrepreneurship, especially when combined with the Covid-19 crisis (Howell et al., 2020).Uncertainty is one of the things that count before someone chooses to have entrepreneurial intentions (Yunita et al., 2021).Entrepreneurial intentions are closely related to relational support (Yurtkoru et al., 2014).One's career choice decisions are influenced by family and friends (Turker & Selcuk, 2009;Moriano et al., 2011).The possibility of an entrepreneurial intention is related to the fact that there are family members who have become entrepreneurs previously (Jain & Ali, 2013).Furthermore, entrepreneurial intentions are more strongly influenced by educational support (Ghofarany & Satrya, 2021;Yurtkoru et al., 2014).Universities play a big role in shaping students to have entrepreneurial intentions (Moriano et al., 2011).Universities that have a curriculum on entrepreneurship topics are able to produce students who work as entrepreneurs (Garaika, 2020).
Entrepreneurial inclinations are influenced by how environmental circumstances and individual attitudes interact (Vamvaka et al., 2020).Personal attitude is the strongest motivation in supporting entrepreneurial intentions (Dinc & Budic, 2016).Personal attitude gives a positive perception of an entrepreneurial career under any conditions (Siravajah & Achchuthan, 2013).A strong personal attitude chooses entrepreneurship not because of compulsion but because of a strong intention, understanding and believing that this career contains risks, but at the same time it provides opportunities if carried out with strategy, implementation of knowledge, adaptation, and an open nature to receive suggestions and criticism.
The factors supporting the establishment of business intents, described in this study, tried to involve the uncertainty variable, considering that the current business and social phenomenon are really uncertain.Conditions where market demand is increasingly changing, dynamic and ambiguous, make people think hard to take up a profession as an entrepreneur (Ahunov & Yusupov, 2017).Entrepreneurship is close to risk and uncertainty (Koudstaal et al., 2015).Disruption due to rapid technological developments also contributes to increased uncertainty (Chen & Tian, 2022).Not everyone will choose to be an entrepreneur, they choose to live safely by becoming employees who are guaranteed to get a salary every month.In general, in developing countries, most of the population earn a living as entrepreneurs.Likewise, in Indonesia.Therefore, the role of universities is necessary to grow entrepreneurial intentions for graduates, but by becoming strong entrepreneurs, having knowledge capital, being adaptive to technology, and having a global perspective.

LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES
Exploring occasion, taking it, and assisting other businesspersons to create new trade prospects are all aspects of entrepreneurship (Prajapati, 2019).The field of entrepreneurship is increasingly considered significant in spurring economic growth, innovation and job creation (A.Academic assistance includes things like the university setting, which includes amenities, in-formation about the school, and suitable infrastructure (Yurtkoru et al., 2014).Students with an educational environment that supports their students for entrepreneurship tend to choose to do entrepreneurship.It is stated that students with good academic scores prefer to do entrepreneurship compared to students with mediocre grades (Liu, Lin & Zhao, 2019).It is evident that higher institutions offer professional education as an effective way to achieve the required knowledge about entrepreneurship (Denanyoh et al., 2015).Through professional education in tertiary institutions, students will gain the required entrepreneurial knowledge.
Thus, universities are required to create a lot of training, workshops and seminars that stimulate students to get ideas in creating a business.Entrepreneurship education at university assists students develop high-level expertise and inventive competence, entrepreneurial spirit with a tough personality, and does not give up easily.Educational support is shown by the university providing sufficient knowledge and inspiration about entrepreneurship, also teaching students the capacity to assist both oneself and others, with independent businesses in order to realize a prosperous human life.Teaching about entrepreneurship has helped a nation's economy in creating jobs and economic success in both developing and developed nations.Students' entrepreneurial spirit needs to be encouraged from an early age, especially among those who now only perceive themselves as job seekers when they graduate from high school or college someday.
Educational support is very important for developing entrepreneurial attitudes and increasing intentions entrepreneurship for students (Prajapati, 2019).Dogan (2015) believes that educational support has a significant impact on the development of self-awareness in individuals about entrepreneurship characteristics.
Educational support was also found to have a positive effect in fostering determination and persistence, helping them to overcome obstacles and inspire people to launch their own enterprises (Kuttim et al., 2014;Kalyoncuoglu et al., 2017), with the support of education a person will have a long-term and future-oriented entrepreneurial mindset (Rauch & Hulsink, 2015).
Apart from the two factors described above, personal attitude is also a factor in influencing entrepreneurial intentions.Personal attitude when associated with entrepreneurial intention is an act that is a person's ability to obtain opportunities by creating new businesses, adopting technological changes, and developing scale of operations, pursuing and investing profits.
To thus finally obtain something that produces added value that benefits oneself and others.In conclusion, a person takes action not only for profit for himself, but the activities he carries out also provide benefits for others, such as contributing to job creation, which affects people's welfare by reducing the percentage/number of unemployment rates, reducing poverty rates, and economic equity.
There is an opinion that entrepreneurial intention is a planned, controlled, voluntary, inherent, intentional, innate behavior in which people occasionally have entrepreneurial ideas before taking action to establish a new venture (Vamvaka et al., 2020).With regard to entrepreneurship, attitudes toward entrepreneurship have been defined as perceptions of personal desire to become entrepreneurs (

METHODOLOGY
This research was tested statistically, using path analysis with AMOS.The independent varia-ble (X) is represented by relational support (X1), educational support (X2), personal attitude (X3) and uncertainty (X4).The dependent variable (Y) is entrepreneurial intention.The data were obtained from the answers of the respondents, where the respondents were state university students in East Java, Indonesia.Then the email is obtained from the student database, which provides complete student information, making it easier to find student email addresses.
The questionnaire was sent via email, and as many as 113 students responded and sent back the questionnaire along with the answers.This study took a little time to collect respondents' answers, because most Indonesians are not accustomed to using email as a communication and it seems unethical if the request as a re-spondent is sent by the researcher through a telephone number, such as WhatsApp.Finally, after four months, 113 students gave their responses.Based on the description of variables, indicators and items, the framework of this study was created (see Figure 1).
The description of the items in this study was adopted from several previous studies, such as Ghofarany and Satrya (2021), Linan and Jaen (2020  1.

RESULTS
The statistical tests are normality test, reliability and validity test, and hypothesis testing.The purpose of the normalcy assumption test is to ascertain whether or not the data utilized in this investigation are normally distributed.Skewness and kurtosis are tested for normality using a multivariate approach.The criteria for testing the normal distribution are when the critical ratio multivariate (CR-multivariate) is between the critical Z value of ± 2.58
Table 2 shows that the multivariate CR value is 2,595.This finding suggests that the value is between the critical value of Z of ± 2.58.Thus the study's data are normally distributed.
Continued on testing the validity and reliability.
Validity is seen from its AVE value.A variable is said to be valid if the root of the AVE is greater than the correlation between constructs.The results of the validity test are seen through the explanation below (see Table 3).
Variance Extracted (AVE) and composite reliability calculations are two that can be used to measure dependability.If the AVE is bigger than 0.5 or the composite reliability is bigger than 0.7, according to the test conditions, then the indicator measuring the latent variable is declared reliable.
The relationship support, educational support, personal attitude, uncertainty, and entrepreneurintention variables all generate an AVE value larger than 0.5, according to the reliability test in Table 4. Thus, it can be said that all indicators used to measure these variables are trustworthy.The variables of relational support, educational support, personal attitude, uncertainty, and entrepre- I am interested in a career as an entrepreneur Of all the possibilities, I would choose to be an entrepreneur I believe there are more benefits than drawbacks to being an entrepreneur I would like to launch a business if I had the chance and the means to do so For me, starting a business and keeping it operational would be simple I am capable of creating an entrepreneurial project I am sure of success in the future as an entrepreneur

Uncertainty
Life is filled with hardships and uncertainty

Entrepreneurial Intention
I will do my best to be a successful entrepreneur Ghofarany and Satrya (2021) Launching my own business is my professional ambition neurial intention have a composite reliability that is larger than 0.7.Thus, it is declared that all indicators used to measure these variables are reliable.
The purpose of hypothesis testing is to determine whether exogenous variables have an impact on endogenous variables.The probability value can be used to determine hypothesis testing.According to the test requirements, a positive and significant effect exists if the path coefficient is positive with an absolute Critical Ratio (CR) from a T-table of 1.96 or probability (one tailed) level of significance (alpha (= 5%)) between exogenous and endogenous variables.Table 5 provides an overview of the analysis' findings.
Based on the information in Table 5, all exogenous variables show a positive path coefficient with absolute Critical Ratio (CR) > T-table (1.96) or probability < significance level (alpha (= 5%)).As a result, it can be concluded that uncertainty, personal attitude, and relationship support have a favorable and significant impact on entrepreneurial ambition.
The results of the model after modification with independent variables were declared to be normally distributed, valid and reliable, and based on hypothesis testing, all exogenous variables had a positive and significant influence on the endogenous variables.The modified model is presented in Figure 2.
According to Figure 2, the model modification that has been carried out in this study is based on Arbuckle's theory, which discusses how to modify the model by looking at the resulting modification indices.Arbuckle explained that Modification Indices provide several recommendations for adding connections, which can reduce the chi-square value so as to create the model fitter.Modification Indices can produce better model modifications.This can be seen by the influence of the correlation between the measurement error on exogenous variables (relational support, educational support, personal attitude and uncertainty) and endogenous variables, entrepreneurial intentions, which results in significant changes to the goodness of the model.

DISCUSSION
Entrepreneurial intention is not born out of compulsion, but comes from intentions, desires, which become ideals and strive to make them happen.Then there is good interaction every day with the habits that exist in their family (Yurtkoru et al., 2014).Coming from an entrepreneurial family, having a favorite figure who moves as an entrepreneur, is a condition that further strengthens entrepreneurial intention.The biggest influence is the family (Ghofarany & Satrya, 2021), seeing and being involved every day gives a sense of belonging, which is internalized in thoughts and actions.The ability to analyze potential and risks is increasingly honed and puts forward new ideas to be realized in their own business in the future.
Relational support has a significant effect on how entrepreneurial intentions are formed.This factor makes individuals consciously believe in their choice to become entrepreneurs.They already understand the risks and opportunities that will be faced.They are one step ahead of others in viewing a career as an entrepreneur.If others have doubts because they are worried about the risks and uncertainties, not them.It's like if others see it as a threat, they see it as a challenge.How they conquer it, explore it, then look for solutions and do not forget think about the benefits of the actions taken.In line with previous studies, like Ghofarany and Satrya (2021) and Yurtkoru et al. (2014), relational assistance significantly improves entrepreneurs' intentions.The support of others gives people the confidence to run their business.As the saying goes "the pleasure of parents is the beginning of the blessing of God", so that it is certain that if there are problems later, many people will help and pray to get out of these problems.Entrepreneurial intention is significantly influenced by personal attitude, although not as strong as relational support.Entrepreneurial spirit is not born suddenly let alone a compulsion (Ambad & Damit, 2016).Entrepreneurial intention appears with a conscious feeling, a strong desire, has passion for this field, and feels confident about the opportunities in the future (Vamvaka et al., 2020).Then to make it happen, by trying to form thoughts, points of view and some concrete to lead to realizing their intentions.
Personal attitude is more on the factors of self.How does one interpret the entrepreneurial profession, how does one view it as a brilliant career in the future, and how does one have an independent spirit and the desire to benefit others?This spirit is important, because entrepreneurship is faced with situations that are often unexpected, it requires speed of thinking, adapting by considering the smallest possible risk.Not only selfish thinking about themselves, but there are many people who are affected by the policies that will be taken.Besides, also thinking about the benefits to maintain the business.Personal attitude gives a picture of someone who is strong as an entrepreneur and has a social spirit, who prioritizes the interests of the public rather than personal interests.
Additionally, this study discovered that aid for schooling had a favorable and significant effect, although it was weak.Educational support only facilitates entrepreneurial intention when students already have strength in relational support and personal attitude.However, this cannot be underestimated, entrepreneurial intention also needs external support, and educational support is one of them (Maes et al., 2014).When a student has a strong entrepreneurial intention, this intention will be realized more easily if it is also supported by the surrounding environment.There are courses related to entrepreneurship, there are campus programs that foster entrepreneurial intentions, there are teams formed to take part in national and international entrepreneurship events, and there are laboratories that can be used to study strategy, analysis, and business plans.
Educational support is only a support for the previous factors.If someone already has strong support from the immediate environment, then a strong entrepreneurial spirit grows, both ways of thinking and acting, will be more honed if supported by a supportive educational environment as well.There is a curriculum that includes entrepreneurship as a compulsory subject, there is a laboratory as a place to explore business ideas, there is assistance from lecturers who discuss current business issues, and many other situations that can be created by educational institutions.The existence of a comfortable environment to discuss the topic of entrepreneurship causes the stronger intention to engage in entrepreneurship.It internalized in the mind and implemented in actions such as analyzing the problem of business failure in society, what causes it, and what it should be like.
As it is today, the world is facing the era after the Covid-19 pandemic, and it is widely known that entrepreneurship has been badly affected.Many businesses have closed, taken on debt, laid off, and struggled to get back on their feet.However, for those who has an entrepreneurial spirit, this condition has been predicted before.Business is always faced with conditions of profit and loss, and this pandemic is a manifestation of this loss.
The key to success is not to be at your peak, have a lot of profit, but how to get up again and not drown when faced with failure.
Meanwhile, uncertainty for students is a challenge.If they do come from a family of entrepreneurs, then this condition is common (Ahunov & Yusupov, 2017).As entrepreneurs, the risk is in front of their eyes.At any time, they must be able to act creatively to win in competition with large companies.How to win with small capital, simple technology, and limited human resource capabilities.How to deal with government regulations that change all the time, especially in dealing with rapidly changing market tastes.Thus, the actual state of entrepreneurship has always been uncertain, moreover, the conditions are now becoming increasingly difficult to predict.The Covid-19 pandemic is the peak that makes change even more real, and there is no choice but to follow these changes, if they want to survive (Yunita et al., 2021).

CONCLUSION
The objective of the study is to investigate how educational support, personal attitude, relationship support, and uncertainty variables affect entrepreneurial intentions, showing positive results and in line with the proposed hypothesis.Relational support provides the strongest influence, followed by personal attitude, then uncertainty and lastly educational support.These results suggest that entrepreneurs are also often born into families with an entrepreneurial background.While other factors are strengthening and sustaining factors, the more determined person should start their own business.
The educational support variable has the lowest influence on entrepreneurial intentions.This shows that to have an entrepreneurial spirit, the key is in the background of the family and the immediate environment.If someone has entrepreneurial parents, then every day he sees this model stuck in his mind.Also another nearby environment.Friends, relatives, where they work as entrepreneurs and have achieved success, give a strong motivation to follow in these footsteps.In addition, strong encouragement from oneself.He has desire to continue his parent's business or even make it better, by involving technology, updating knowledge or having a more visionary vision, by entering the international market.These two forces will only be slightly shaken by uncertainty.They are used to being tough and addressing uncertainty as a risk that must be faced.When uncertainty arose, he would try to analyze how he could survive and win in that uncertainty.While educational support is only a reinforcement of the three previous conditions, educational support strengthens and polishes entrepreneurial intentions to become more stable, by honing creative ideas in the laboratory, which is an educational facility; there are discussions and other meetings that discuss obstacles and opportunities for entrepreneurship, thus strengthening the intentions that actually already exist.When these three conditions have been created, added to being in a setting at a university that encourages the development of talents and competencies to become entrepreneurs, then entrepreneurial intentions will easily be realized.
This study is still limited to respondents who are homogeneous and come from one community.It is hoped that further research will provide a touch on the addition of variables related to entrepreneurial intentions, with a wider range of respondents, as well as the reality that conditions are not only uncertain, but also ambiguous and agile, where changes move quickly.

Table 1 .
Measurement items of the questionnaire used in this studyMy family will be there to support me whether I made the decision to start my own business My close network (from job, school, and the neighborhood) will assist me if I decide to launch my own business My friends will encourage me to start my own business if I choose to do so My lecturer will help me if I decide to start my own business My social media acquaintances on the social networks will support me if I decide to begin my own business My entrepreneurial talents and abilities are growing thanks to my university The relevant entrepreneurship knowledge is offered by my university My chances of starting my own business are improved by having access to the Internet at the university ICT use at university inspires me to come up with innovative business concepts