“QR-code-based payment. Does the consumer intend to adopt a retail buying transaction?”

The Quick Response (QR) code payment is a relatively new means of payment in Indonesia. Even though this strategy offers a great deal of use, not many people are familiar with it or use it. In this regard, it is fascinating to look at what makes people use the QR Code payment method. The quantitative study used a five-point Likert scale questionnaire to sample e-money users through social media groups. In addition, structural Equation Modeling (SEM), employee Smart-PLS 3.0, was used to examine the data. The results show that social factors affect how people feel about QR code payments, and facilitating support and performance expectations affect how likely they are to use it. Also, attitudes, a mediator of social impact, can change the effect of support performance expectations on adoption intentions. Because of this, people accepting QR code-based payments take a positive attitude. Also, the facilities and environment affected a positive attitude, expected performance, ease of operation


INTRODUCTION
The banking industry has substantially grown in technological innovation in recent decades. One of the most important recent developments is the widespread adoption of digital currency for commercial transactions. Individuals are becoming more reliant on electronic money for their day-to-day financial dealings. Electronic currency is used for many transactions involving various essential commodities. In addition, the increasingly massive use of smartphones, supported by adequate infrastructure, has increased the use of electronic money ( Yan et al., 2021). Using QR codes for conducting financial transactions is now standard across the banking sector in Indonesia. Various banks in Indonesia are now providing Quick Response codes (QR codes) as a payment option for use in retail transactions. However, it is fair to say that this applies to making payments and is still in its infancy.
Various parties deliberately propagated the benefits customers would receive with the QR code payment. Even though this payment method may benefit consumers, the community is still not that massive. Only some people are aware and willing to adopt the payments using fintech media based on QR Code. Therefore, adopting this payment system is relatively limited to certain circles of society, especially in several countries (Bradford et al., 2019). A prior study that uses a well-known basis is as having a relatively limited amount of proof. Several considerations affect QR code payment adoption. Therefore, this study examines performance expectancy, social factors, and facilitating conditions that affect the adoption intention of the QR code payment and the mediation role of attitude.

Quick response codes
Barcodes are used in a wide variety of commercial activities today. The barcode began as a straightforward rectangular block with one-dimensional, but it has since evolved to take on a more complex three-dimensional shape. Twodimensional barcodes, or Quick Response (QR) Codes, are composed of a dot matrix that may be read by a dedicated QR scanner or the camera on a smartphone. When checking, the software on the device converts the matrix points into numeric characters or letters. A QR code is a machine-readable barcode consisting of black modules in a square grid on a white background. Information is mined from gridlike patterns both horizontally and vertically. Scan this square barcode (online or offline) to be taken to a specific page or to finish a particular transaction. Masahiro Hara originally developed it from the Denso Wave Corporation company in Japan in 1994 to carry out vehicle tracking and high-speed component scanning in the automotive industry. It then quickly spread outside the industry due to its fast readability and larger storage capacity than standard barcodes (Surekha et al., 2015). China is a country that uses QR codes a lot for payment transactions (Bradford et  In addition to the Venkatesh framework, the TPB theory is another hypothesis frequently utilized to explain the phenomenon of technology adoption. For example, in the Theory of Planned Behavior, which Azjen initiated, a person's attitude is the closest explanation of the intention to behave. Studies that lead to the relationship between the two variables based on the TPB theory have been carried out in many fields (Ajzen, 1991(Ajzen, , 2012 Most previous studies have used one Azjen or Venkatesh framework to examine their variables. In addition, both Azjen and Venkatesh's framework has been used in various studies. However, the findings from these investigations have fallen short of expectations. This study aims to analyze the attitude as a mediating variable between the independent variables (performance expectancy, social impact factors, and facilitating conditions) and the dependent variable (intention to adopt the QR code payment). This paper provided many hypotheses based on the empirical finding as a starting point.

METHOD
A quantitative method examined e-money users adopting QR-Code in East Java Province, Indonesia. Before this study, a survey of people who use electronic money was done. The sample is then chosen from the list of people who use electronic money. From the pool of people who have used digital payment, 165 were randomly selected to fill out the survey. Mainly, a five-point Likert scale was utilized in a closed-ended questionnaire. The T-statistics are compared to the T-critical (2.00), and the significance of the coefficient value is determined using the software Smart-PLS 3.0, which uses Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to construct a model.
Meanwhile, testing the significance of the indicators forming construct variables is also carried out similarly. It will be significant if the T-statistic value is higher or equal to the T-critical or sig less than 5%. Meanwhile, the mediation test uses Sobel, calculated by the Sobel calculator webbased. The structural model illustrates the relationship between the social influence factor, performance expectation, facilitating condition, attitude toward QR-Code-based payment, and intention to adopt.

Characteristics of respondents
The respondents in this paper are people who use electronic money. Some of the characteristics regarding these respondents, related to gender, age group, and the latest education level, are detailed in Table 2 and Table 3. In Table 2, it can be explained that most respondents are female, up to 62.6 percent of the 163 people. This indicates that most electronic money users are women. Because women frequently shop online and offline, they reuse electronics for safety and practicality. According to the data presented in Table 3, the age demographic breakdown reveals that the vast majority of people (up to 85.9 percent) are in the 20-25-year age range. This fact indicates that young people mainly own technology-based electronic money. 88.3 percent as the oldest of them, 25 years old. A small proportion are over 25 years old, and some are over 50, but only one person. This means that even though a small part of the community is old because they are financially literate and use technology-based payments. As many as 78.5 percent of them have graduated from high school until they are still students in tertiary institutions. Only a small proportion of respondents have graduated postgraduate. In more detail, the respondents' last education level is presented in Table 3.

Outer model
The outer model is a measurement model of latent variables reflecting or formative at one or more levels.   (Table 7). At the same time, the R-square adjusted values are also equal to 0.55, respectively. In turn, the formed attitude affects the intention to adopt the technology, indicated by the t-statistic value (18.33) that exceeds the critical limit (1.96). The p-value is less than alpha 5%. The relationship between attitudes towards objects, in this case, QR Code payment, is theoretically the embodiment of TPB and TRA. In both theories, the closest explanatory variable toward intention is attitude. Someone's intention to adopt something or specific behavior is determined by his attitude toward the object of that attitude. In this context, a customer wants to adopt QR-based payments, distinguished by his attitude to the QR.
This paper proposes several hypotheses (H). The premises are Attitude toward QR code payment predicts intention to its adoption (H1); Performance Expectancy indicates attitudes toward Q.R. Code (H2); Social factors predict attitudes toward QR code payment (H3); Facilitating condition predicts attitudes toward QR code pay-  (H5-7). They test each hypothesis by comparing T-statistics with T-critical or p-value (sig) with alpha (α = 5%). This hypothesis is accepted if the T-statistic is equal to the T-critical or the p-value is below the α = (5%). The t-statistic and p-value for each synthesized pathway are shown in Table 8 and Figure 2. This table can explain all paths where the T-statistic is higher than t-critical (1.96) and, when viewed from the p-value, overall, less than 5%. It can be stated that all alternative hypotheses are accepted based on the T-value and P-value. The attitude toward QR codes statistically affects the intention to use QR base code payment.

The mediating role of attitude
This study assumes that attitudes mediate the relationship variables of facilitating conditions, performance expectancy, and social factors on the intention to adopt QR code payment. Table 9 shows the statistical Sobel of the attitude variable in mediating the relationship between the independent variable and the employee for QR-Code payment adoption. The path of the independent variable relationship, which consists of facilitating support, performance expectancy, and social influence factors to the intention to adopt a QR code payment, shows that attitude plays a mediating role. Furthermore, that indicated by a Sobel value (3.93, 3.13, and 3.78) is higher than the critical value (1.96) and the p-value less than 0.05. The significance of the mediating role of attitude in the relationship between independent and dependent variables can be interpreted. The likelihood of adopting QR codes as a payment method is influenced indirectly by factors like the availability of enabling assistance, expectations of performance, and the weight of social influence. Before the option to employ QR codes as a payment medium presents itself, the three independent factors come together to generate a cheerful disposition. This situation gives the buyer the impression that they are engaging in a cutting-edge, sophisticated transaction.

DISCUSSION
The results show how people feel happy or not about QR-Code base payment (QRC attitude) affects how likely they are to use QR-Code (QR Code Intention). The intention to use QR Codebased payments is affected by how people feel about QR Code-based payments. The path coefficient between the two variables is positive, meaning that the change patterns for both variables coincide. The theory of planned behavior conforms perfectly with these results (Ajzen, 1991)  Social influence and the performance that will be obtained if supported by adequate facilities and infrastructure have an impact on the emergence of a sense of pleasure, feeling modern and sophisticated in the user, which in the end appears to be the intention to use payment facilities based on QR-Code. The findings of this study do not contradict and even support the results of previous studies and existing theoretical models, for example, Ahmad  found that users' choices to use E-payment are driven by the reliability and credibility of the information technology provided, including QR codes by e-payment providers. The findings of this study indicate that QR code is a payment basis that the public would use massively. From the perspective of developing countries, where the use of e-payment technology is still relatively new, the perception of ease of use and security of transactions using e-payment technology should be improved. Stakeholders involved in providing e-payment technology including QR codes such as QR codes technology providers and banking institutions should socialize the use of e-payment technology to users continuously. It is necessary to ensure that new users continue to get important information related to the correct use of e-payment.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study led to the conclusion that the attitude of consumers will play a role in determining whether or not they are prepared to accept payments made using QR Codes, including installing the codes on their smartphones. Their closest environment influences their attitudes, including their family, friends, and others. The conditions facilitate supporting facilities and infrastructure in which they transact, such as connectivity to the internet, the availability of supporters at the merchants where they transact, the ease of use, and the practicality of use also contribute to adoption. Good facilities and infrastructure are needed to encourage QR codes in transactions, forming a positive attitude toward potential users. Therefore, banking practitioners increase customers' interest by using QR code-based payment methods to strengthen customer attitudes and provide adequate facilities. For example, supporting in various areas, there is an internet network. Consumers will use the QR-based payment system and vice versa if the merchant's supporting facilities are available. The findings have implications for financial institutions that initiate and require QR codes in making payment transactions and financial technology innovators. Financial institutions such as banks, e-payment providers, and financial services authorities play a vital role in making QR codes acceptable to users.