Issue #2 (Volume 19 2021)

After a long period of decline and persecution, there is a revival and rapid development of the cannabis industry around the world: the use of this unique crop is expanding rapidly, and finally, it was transferred from a narcotic to an agricultural one (except for Ukraine). Nowadays, the Ukrainian hemp industry has practically gone unnoticed by the state, scientists, practitioners and society. At the same time, it has development prospects and can play a significant role for rural areas and the national economy. The paperis aimed at exploring the possibilities of growing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and justifying the need for strategic management of the development of the cannabis industry in Ukraine. Based on the analysis of hemp production, it is established that during the years of Ukraine’s independence, the area of hemp crops has decreased almost 8 times; the number of producers is limited; hemp processing plants do not function; the yield of technical hemp seeds has a slight tendency to increase andapproximates 6-7 kg/ha. The prospects for cannabis cultivation require building strategic management of the cannabis industry to address key issues and mitigate threats. The key elements of the production development strategy are identified as improving institutional and financial support at the state level. The main guidelines of strategic management of hemp cultivation are: simplification of regulation for producers; intensification of agribusiness entities; increasing production volumes; and improving the competitive environment in the hemp market. It is proved that the strategic development of the hemp industry requires developing hemp processing enterprises; disseminating knowledge among the population about the usefulness and benefits of this multi-purpose culture. To substantiate the effectiveness of strategic decisions, the algorithm was proposed for assessing the effectiveness of growing different types of hemp products by different technologies, which is carried out using economic and mathematical modeling.

Talents play a critical role in achieving organizational strategic goals and a higher level of performance in the healthcare industry. Therefore, the UAE government, which strives to provide world-class healthcare services, encouraged the adoption of talent management strategies and creation of essential capabilities for talent recruitment, development, and retaining. This study explores the talent management strategies, policies, and practices in multiple departments of a public UAE hospital. Moreover, it investigates required skills, competencies, and programs for those departments in the context of Industry 4.0. The study adopted a case study approach and qualitatively surveyed a purposive sample of 13 departmental managers, section heads, and supervisors who are experienced in employee management. The study found that talent management at the studied hospital is undefined and unclear in terms of strategies, policies, and practices. Furthermore, the study highlighted the need for employee encouragement, motivation, and engagement, as well as confirmed the critical role of management and leadership in facilitating talent management in the hospital. Accordingly, a UAE hospital could benefit from this study to develop its talent management policy and strategies that will guide managers in the Industry 4.0 era.

Acknowledgment
The nursing administration, nursing research committee at Tawam hospital and managers who responded to the study survey are acknowledged for the extension of support for the study.

The paper deals with the economic measurements of the market value of enterprise assets, which are of great importance for their effective management. The use of more accurate economic measurements is an integral part of an optimal strategy to manage business assets. Therefore, reduction of evaluation results uncertainty is a necessary condition for effective management. To achieve mentioned goals, the paper aims to determine the mathematical base for the assets valuation methodology of value/depreciation that change over time, which can be applied to its dynamic objective quantitative analysis. The basic hypothesis suggests that all tangible assets, characterized by removable depreciation, are inclined to a negative periodic depreciation during short inter-service periods when remedial repair works are carried out to eliminate depreciation.
The methodical approaches concerning a mathematical description of assets value/depreciation dynamics are considered. It is shown that both traditional, progressive and regressive value/depreciation dynamics models change over time. They do not correspond to the actual state since they do not take into account increased objects value and negative periodic depreciation. To evaluate value/depreciation change over time more precisely, a new kind of mathematical model is proposed, which equations take into account the opposite signs of periodic depreciation during operational service periods and non-operational inter-service periods. It is proved that the actual indicators of fair market value and periodic depreciation of enterprise assets can be determined with higher reliability based on a new mathematical model.

Acknowledgments
Comments from the editor and anonymous referees have been gratefully acknowledged. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for financial support, which made it possible to carry out this study within the state budget topic “Value estimation and assessing technology readiness for transfer from universities to the business environment” (2019–2021).

Assessment of the socio-economic and environmental development of regions is one of the main tasks of regional policy, especially in the context of the decentralization reform in Ukraine. Biased and unsubstantiated assessment can disorient management bodies and significantly reduce efficiency and effectiveness of management, which leads to negative consequences. The paper aims to assess the development of Ukrainian regions based on the result-oriented approach. The analysis of available methodical approaches to the assessment has shown that they have significant conceptual flaws and do not provide a reasonable and transparent assessment. The proposed methodical approaches are as follows: the use of a model of sustainable development and assessments in the social, economic and environmental fields; transition from an integral indicator to a limited range of key indicators (results); use of additional indicators that complement the main ones; calculation of the rating of a region in the world; determination of the trend of changes in key indicators over the past 10 years; qualitative assessment of the regions’ state based on thresholds. Based on the proposed approach, the socio-economic and environmental development of Odesa region is assessed.

Acknowledgments
This publication was prepared within the framework of the scientific project “Organizational and economic mechanism of increasing productivity of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine” at the expense of the budget program “Support of priority areas of scientific research development” (КПКВК6541230).

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine, almost every area of life has undergone global challenges and changes during the first lockdown, in March–May 2020. In particular, healthcare professionals faced the need to change their traditional activities of providing psychological assistance to children with special educational needs. Inclusive education has not been adapted to distance education in Ukraine. The aim of the study is to identify the impact of personality traits and the activity features on the use of remote educational tools by inclusive education specialists during quarantine. The study involved 50 professionals working with children with special educational needs. The surveyed professional included 26 psychologists, 13 speech therapists and 11 correctional educators. The survey was conducted online, covered six Ukrainian cities and was based on psychological questionnaires. The paper concludes that work effectiveness of healthcare specialists in remote form depends on the following personality traits: the level of tolerance for uncertainty and novelty, generosity, orientation toward the specialist’s achievements; it also depends on the method of assistance and the children’s nosologies. The paper provides three “psychological portraits” of specialists who find themselves in quarantine. Most of the specialists who participated in the study (more than 75%) expressed the opinion that remote learning was less effective than traditional education. Only applied behavior analysts believed that online corrective classes were good enough to use this form of activity in the future.

This paper explores some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs – 2 and 12) in agriculture for the Czech Republic and Ukraine. The idea is to find out best practices in implementing SDGs 2 and 12 within the responsible investment framework. For these purposes, benchmarking (comparative analysis) is used. Using data over the period of 2017–2020, a general comparative review of global and national targets of SDGs 2 and 12 in Ukraine and the Czech Republic is provided. The results justify the merely incorporation and compliance of these targets at the national and global levels. The identified problems in achieving SDG 2 and SDG 12 are common for Ukraine and the Czech Republic and relate to unequal access to investment and financial resources. Recommendations and solutions to the most important problems based on the responsible investment instruments are proposed in this paper. The research findings can be useful for regulators (both in agriculture and in the financial market), companies and a wide group of other stakeholders in promoting responsible investment to make more comprehensive progress towards SDG 2 and 12 in Czech Republic and Ukraine by 2030.

Acknowledgment
Authors are grateful to the Czech government for the support provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic, which allowed this scientific cooperation to start within the project “AgriSciences Platform for Scientific Enhancement of HEIs in Ukraine”.

It is natural for the market economy that companies are forced to leave the market when they are not able to survive anymore. This paper is focused on the age structure of the companies in default. The age is considered a period between corporate establishment and insolvency declaration. The paper analyzes whether companies, which report financial accounting statements, have different age structure than non-reporting entities. Data sample consists of 212 companies (147 reporting and 65 non-reporting entities). Moreover, the analysis points out if corporate financial standing differ according to the age structure observed. Using descriptive statistics tools, the observed relationship between the company age and the frequency of insolvency cases is expressed. The evaluation of the financial standing is based on a ratio analysis. Indicators such as return on assets, return on sales, debt ratio, cash and non-cash liquidity, and asset turnover are applied. The results show there are not significant differences in the age structure between the reporting and non-reporting enterprises. Values of financial indicators seem to be independent on the age structure. The paper provides explanations and brings a classification of specific differences observed such as a distinction between reasons due to sector specificities and partly due to the specifics of the current business environment in the Czech Republic (monitored period 2014 – first quarter 2019).

Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Grant Agency of Academic Alliance (renamed the Grant Agency Academia Aurea) No. GAAA 10/2018 “Financial characteristics of enterprise in bankruptcy” for financial support to carry out this research.

Performance measurement innovations (PMI) provide frameworks for the improvement of organizational performance. While developed economies have widely accepted PMI, little is known about their design and use in developing economies. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the design and use of PMI and organizational outcomes among listed firms in Nigeria. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was adopted for the analysis using cross-sectional survey data comprising 126 corporate managers in the sampled listed companies. The results showed that all the path coefficients for design of PMI and customer perspective (β = 0.325, p < 0.0001), financial (β = 0.314, p < 0.0001), internal business process (β = 0.346, p < 0.0001), and learning and growth perspectives (β = 0.367, p < 0.0001) were significantly positive. This suggests that designing performance measures to include a diversity of measurement incorporating financial and non-financial measures would positively affect organizational outcomes. Besides, diagnostic use was found to have a negative effect on customer perspective (β = –0.315, p < 0.01), while the interactive use (β = 0.411, p < 0.01) of PMI demonstrated a positive effect on it. This implies that using PMIs in a diagnostic manner brings about a negative image of the customer perspective, but it is divergent for interactive use.

Acknowledgment
The authors sincerely appreciate Covenant University, Nigeria, for sponsoring this publication.

The study investigated the mediating effect of job satisfaction on health and safety policy management and employee productivity in manufacturing firms in Nigeria. For the study, a quantitative analytical method was adopted, including a descriptive survey. To obtain data for the study, a questionnaire instrument was constructed and distributed among 950 sampled respondents in selected manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The descriptive statistics was deployed in the data analysis, while the multiple regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The mediating effect of job satisfaction on health and safety policy management and employee productivity relationship was confirmed using the Sobel test with the aid of MedGraph. The results showed that hazard prevention and control policy have a significant positive effect on employee productivity. Risk assessment policy have a significant positive effect on employee productivity. Also, job satisfaction has a significant positive mediating effect on the health and safety policy management and employee productivity relationship. Therefore, manufacturing firms should take appropriate measures to prevent and control hazards and provide effective risk assessments to improve health and safety policy management.

Acknowledgments
The authors express gratitude to anonymous reviewers, the journal editor and all the authors whose work were used in this study. The authors are grateful to the management of manufacturing firms included in the study for having given approval for the administration of the questionnaire instrument, and the survey respondents for providing their views on the issues raised in the questionnaire instrument on health and safety policy management (hazard prevention and control policy and risk assessment policy), employee productivity and job satisfaction.

As the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to grow, new challenges in the organizational and business environment emerge, causing the human resource management (HRM) to develop a flexible yet strategic and sustainable response in the face of instability and uncertainty. HRM practices that focus on employees’ emotional, psychological, and cognitive states are becoming crucial. The aim of this paper is to disclose the relationship between employee well-being and organizational trust in the context of sustainable HRM. The literature analysis revealed that sustainable HRM practices focused on meeting the needs of employees are particularly significant as they positively influence employee well-being. Furthermore, ensuring employee well-being based on sustainable HRM principles leads to increased organizational trust. The results of the analysis proved direct and indirect relationships between employee well-being and organizational trust; however, further research is needed to distinguish the relationship between sustainable human resource management practices and employee well-being, with a mediating role and moderating role of organizational trust.

The study assessed a product or service by customers that met their needs and aspirations. It sought to examine the influence of non-financial customer performance (CP) measures on non-financial organizational performance (NFOP) in the Nepalese cellular telecommunications industry (NCTI). Using a structured questionnaire survey instrument, it employed a descriptive research approach. This study’s population included all the global system for mobile (GSM) customers of Nepal Telecom (NT) and Ncell. The sample comprised 385 customers delineated through non-probability sampling techniques. The study’s targeted respondents were postgraduate understudies, service holders, business people, and self-employed individuals. The survey instrument was composed of three sections comprising 28 data collection questions. A statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) and analysis of moment structures (AMOS) programming were used to analyze the collected data. The study applied confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), path analysis (PA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the significance of the hypothesized paths. It was found that CP had a positive and significant relationship with NFOP in NCTI, with customer retention (CR) being a better predictor, followed by customer loyalty (CL), customer satisfaction (CS), and customer acquisition (CA). This was a cited representative study, not exhaustive, and would help to understand the key drivers of CP in the NCTI.

The digital transformation of society affects socio-economic relations in all spheres of life; however, the degree of this influence differs depending on countries and regions. Various industries and sectors of the economy are also affected by digitalization to one degree or another.
In this context, the purpose of the paper is to determine the dependence of human capital in the tourism industry on the digitalization level of the economy.
The following methods were used: data standardization, cluster analysis, analysis of variance, K means, and SWOT analysis.
The panel sample includes indicators from 61 countries for 2018. The analysis revealed distinctive features that allowed allocating the countries into clusters. Cluster 1 (14 cases): countries with average Human Capital Index (HCI) and World Digital Competitiveness (WDC) values, depending on tourism. Cluster 2 (13 cases): countries with slightly above average HCI and WDC values that are less dependent on tourism. Cluster 3 (15 cases): countries with HCI and WDC values below average, not particularly dependent on tourism. Cluster 4 (1 case): outliers. Cluster 5 (18 cases): countries with above average HCI and WDC that are tourism dependent. The calculation results made it possible to identify the cluster principles. The use of the identified distinctive features in the SWOT analysis allows formulating the key elements of human capital strategies in the tourism sector for each group of countries.

This paper studied the influence of strategic human resource management on human capital development through the mediation of employee commitment. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 514 participants (medical staff) from five hospitals in northern Jordan. The hospitals involved were from different sectors, including governmental, private, and university hospitals. Several analysis methods were used in the study: Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), discriminant validity, and composite reliability. Direct and indirect hypothesis testing was also utilized using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study showed that the practice of strategic human resource management had a direct positive impact on employee commitment; the practice of strategic human resource management had a direct positive impact on human capital development; the impact of employee commitment on human capital development was positive and direct; employee commitment has a partial mediating effect between both of them. Accordingly, HR managers in hospitals should move from “softer” responsibilities and traditional HR activities to a more strategic level (i.e., developmental strategy), where HR strategies are aligned and reinforce the hospital’s vision and mission and link organizational strategy to HR strategies. Healthcare managers should invest more in human capital through formal education and training.

Acknowledgments
The Deanship of Research at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) in Jordan is acknowledged by authors for providing facilities through the research No. 488/2020 and research environment to accomplish the goals of this work. The authors thank Professor Fareed Nusair at the Department of Health Management & Policy, the Faculty of Medicine.

The protracted COVID-19 pandemic repeatedly demonstrates the necessity of effective communication inside and outside organizations. However, a deficient comprehensive study of factors able to affect managerial communication limit further progress in the improvement of such business interactions. The research fills in the knowledge gap about the comparative influence of various factors on managerial communication and particularly the impact of individual and organizational characteristics of managers on communication. The paper aims to determine the significance of the relationships between managerial communication and age, genders, managerial levels, and industries in private companies from the energy, education, trade, service, extraction, construction, and production sectors. Within the organizational study, 224 subordinates from Kazakhstan firms reflected on their supervisors’ communications through a multivariate closed questionnaire. The obtained data was further processed and examined through correlation coefficients and dispersion analysis. The research results identified the considerable relationship between communication practices and managers’ age (R2=0.9637), managerial level (R2=0.9640), and industry (R2=0.9653). The study reveals the weak relationship between manager’s gender and communication practices (R2=0.1535): women insignificantly outperform men in this linking process. The research postulates that effectiveness of managerial communication considerably varies by managers’ age, managerial level, and industry, and insignificantly by gender. The paper lays the groundwork for gender-unbiased practices of human resource management and contributes to the idea of building diverse management teams.

This paper explores the impact of frugality and materialism on workplace deviant behaviors in business organizations. The investigation sample was drawn from selected business organizations (Stanbic IBTC Bank, Globacom Limited, International Alpha Limited, and Nextzon Business Services Firm) across the Ibadan and Lagos cities of Nigeria. This study espouses a quantitative research approach, and the study’s questionnaires were randomly dispersed. Out of 400 questionnaires, 323 questionnaires were useful for investigation, and the data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The research results show that the frugal are less likely to engage in workplace deviant behaviors, while materialists are more inclined to exhibit workplace deviant behaviors in business organizations. This paper further indicates that demographics (gender, marital status, and educational qualification) have a statistical effect on workplace deviant behavior. It was confirmed that frugality, materialism, and employee demographics significantly influenced workplace deviant behaviors in business organizations. Therefore, business organizations’ leadership and management should encourage frugality, thereby directly reducing employee workplace deviant behaviors. Besides, the main focus should be on reducing materialistic tendencies through periodic training and seminars on debt prevention, particularly among vulnerable employees who discourage workplace deviant behaviors.

Acknowlendgment
The authors acknowledge the Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, under Professor Wilfred Ukpere, for funding this study and publishing it.

Small business failure is one of the biggest challenges faced by developing countries, and business incubators have been touted as a solution to reducing the failure rate of these small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Thus, the number of business incubators has escalated worldwide, including South Africa. Consequently, significant time has been devoted to researching business incubators and their role in SME success. However, the effectiveness of these incubators is still in question, thus a study is being conducted to determine how effective business incubators are in reducing the failure rate of SMEs.
The findings show that there are some improvements in SMEs that have been incubated or supported, but not enough to make a dent on the failure rate at the country level, as the failure rate has stubbornly remained the same. One of the concerning key findings is that there is a misalignment between the goals of business incubators (BIs) and the SMEs’ needs. SMEs are looking for access to finance and access to markets, while BIs are offering office space and other support services.
BI and SME goals need to be more aligned if we are to effectively enhance small business development interventions and reduce current failure rates. More empirical research is still needed to measure and quantify the effectiveness of BIs to SME failure rates, as no research has attempted to link a business incubator to both the success of individual SMEs and the country’s SME failure rate.

The research aims to investigate the most common types of organizational conflicts among employees in private hospitals and discover the impact of organizational conflicts on employee turnover. The research outlined the relationship between the variables to present the idea of organizational conflicts and employee turnover. The hypotheses were tested using a survey data of 340 questionnaires distributed randomly to employees working in four private hospitals in Jordan. Random selection of private hospitals was made among eight hospitals in the northern governorates of Jordan (Irbid, Jerash, Mafraq, and Ajlun), which are considered the largest districts in the country. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS program, and initial statistical techniques were applied. The results showed that the highest level of impact of organizational conflicts on the internal turnover of employees was related to the conflict between employees and direct supervisors. However, the highest level of the impact of organizational conflicts on the external turnover of employees was related to the conflict between employees and top management. The low-level job conflicts of employees were those with owners and middle management. Thus, to create stability, prevent work pressure, and retain employees, managers of private hospitals necessarily need to provide an appropriate work environment, develop high level of well-being, and decrease the workload.

Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Al-Balqa Applied University in the Kingdom of Jordan and the Institute of Public Administration in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their kind support and for giving us access to the research facilities.

The level of positive migration aspirations of the population is determined by the unfavorable socio-economic environment and ineffective management of territory development, in particular the level of deprivation, including labor, security and living conditions. The paper aims to assess the impact of different components of deprivation on the spread of migration aspirations and create the landscape of a territory migration capacity. The methodological tool of the study is a sociological survey (a case study of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine) using a questionnaire (self-administration), which covered more than 500 people. Processing of results is carried out using SPSS software. The results of the sociological survey across migration vectors show the cause-effect relation between positive external aspirations and deprivation components. According to the assessment, the EU countries vector (72.0%) has the highest level of positive migration aspirations by income deprivation, and domestic migration vector – the lowest level (41.0%). The highest deprivation levels among socio-economic, environmental, and medical-demographical conditions for ineffective management of Lviv Oblast was detected for educational services with the level of 3.6 out of 5 possible, moderate level – for living and environmental conditions (2.9 each), and the lowest one for medical services (2.7). The spread of deprivation components at the territory according to the level of positive migration aspirations analysis shown that the highest deprivation levels in Lviv Oblast are peculiar to components such as the quality of medical services (43.4%), income (36.5%), and living conditions (35.1%). This study is of practical value for forming landscape of territory migration capacity including weighed migration aspirations and socio-economic deprivation levels.

Acknowledgments
The study has been conducted within the framework of Applied Research “Financial determinants of the provision of economic growth in the regions and territorial communities based on behavioral economy” with the support of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine (M. Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the grant Reg. No. 2020.02/0215, 2020-2022).

The study aims to identify the reasons driving internal and external entrepreneurs to use their power to produce the intended effects in organizations, and how this power affects the methods of building strategies they seek to use, based on Mintzberg’s theoretical assumptions. The research was conducted in 90 large Jordanian companies operating in finance, industry and service sectors. Data were collected from 204 managers using a questionnaire with a high degree of validity and reliability. Analysis and interpretation of the results proved that much of the organizational power held by the head of a company and top management was due to the dominance of the personal, bureaucratic, centralized and formal control systems. As a result, the classical tendency to build strategy in the planning and integrative forms was firmly established, and the participatory and democratic methods in their bargaining and adaptive forms retreated. Based on the results, the researched companies were recommended to design balanced power structures to shift the methods of strategy building from the classical tendency represented by the control of top management and external coalition to the modern tendency represented by integrating workers in democratic ways.

This article investigates the effect of firm size on the performance of Vietnamese private enterprises. Based on the data from the Annual Enterprise Survey from 2009 to 2018, this study uses an ordinary least-squares regression model (OLS) to point out the effects of firm size (growth rate, total assets, and total labor) on the performance of Vietnamese private enterprises in both static and dynamic states. According to the results of the quantitative model, total assets are the biggest factor for determining firm performance, followed by total labor and growth rate. The results highlight the issue in Vietnamese private enterprises development in terms of scale, despite the fact that their number is growing, as the scale of enterprises decreases (the proportion of micro and small enterprises increases, but the proportion of medium and big enterprises decreases). Besides, the disadvantages of scale also negatively affect the development process of Vietnamese private enterprises, including accessing capital, increase in production or productivity, business expansion, and improving competitiveness.

Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the National Science Project “Development of Private Enterprises in the Southwest Region in the new context” (KHCN-TNB/14-19/X15).

During the modernization of the Norwegian economy in the 1800s, different national and international pietistic and puritan groups, such as the Haugeans in Norway, probably played an important role in promotion of economic growth. The importance they had on the modernization of society in Norway, however, is not limited to the modernization of the economy alone, but also to the expansion of civil and political rights.
An important underlying question in the assessment of the role the Haugeans may have played in the modernization process in Norway is if they were numerous and strong enough in the Parliament and elsewhere to affect the community and leave a lasting influence on Norwegian history.
This study is an attempt to contribute to such a clarification by trying to identify the number of Haugean-minded members in the Norwegian Parliament during the 1800s.
Efforts to identify who they were and how many of the representatives that were Haugean-minded members of the Parliament, has been going on for a long time. Paradoxically, at present there is still no consensus. The estimates have ranged from 4 to 49.
The survey indicates that the number may have been slightly higher than assumed. 73 were elected as representatives or deputy representatives, of which 60 took seats in the Storting during 1814–1910.
The figure may have been higher than this as well, but only future research can determine how much higher.

The quality of healthcare management can have a significant impact on the healthcare results achieved. Results of hospital treatment are directly related to the patient’s health and quality of life, thus, it is necessary to examine the impact of different managerial approaches, including the ones related to financing, on indicators of healthcare provision. This article aims to determine whether there is a dependency between DRG-based (diagnosis-related groups) management of healthcare facilities and amenable mortality in the EU countries. Health expenditure per capita was measured in current international $, the number of doctors, nurses, and beds per 1,000 inhabitants were determined as the input factors, while amenable mortality was determined as the outcome factor. The order of the efficiency of the input-output ratio of individual countries was defined using DEA analysis. Subsequently, the countries with the own healthcare financing method were ranked versus the countries with DRG-based management and financing by the mean value between groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test, while no statistically significant dependence was found between them (p-value is 0.522-0.976 for 2012–2017). Thus, even though DRG-based hospital management has various expected benefits, such as better managerial efficiency and transparency of financing, this approach to healthcare financing and management does not significantly impact amenable mortality.

Tourism is the main service industry significantly developing in the world. It is recognized as the critical factor in economic improvement in various countries. Saudi Arabia is one of the oldest and most famous spots for pilgrimage tourism due to its Islamic heritage. The study analyzes data available on the websites of the Saudi government to specify the contribution of travel and tourism revenue to the economy and its trend, occupancy of residential, and transportation capacity. A tourism satisfaction questionnaire was administered online to get the responses of Saudi nationals and residents related to tourism infrastructure, facilities, and other tourism services in Saudi Arabia. Ranks and percentage analysis were applied to get the relational satisfaction of tourists. Index numbers, ratios, percentages, and coefficient of variations were applied to get the trend, yearly fluctuations, variations, weights, and contribution of tourism avenues. There is a positive but low degree correlation between tourism revenue and the GDP of Saudi Arabia for the period from 2010 to 2018. The results indicate either negative or negligibly positive revenue growth of the accommodation/hotel services, food services, and air transportation. Two-thirds of tourists are either strongly satisfied or satisfied with essential and other tourism services and facilities in Saudi Arabia. Apart from tourist satisfaction, the Saudi government may consider a variety of services as per the economic level of the targeted tourists, and softening of visiting visa procedures and fees to enhance tourism revenue of major contributors for the positive and progressive development to the economy.

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia, for providing financial support to complete this project (Project No: 2020/02/16978).

Digital transition in the maritime industry creates new organizational models and affects the relationship between actors. New relationships require new business models (BMs). In addition, due to the paradigm of green shifts towards a zero-emission future of maritime shipping in 2050, stricter regulations require new solutions, and “business as usual” is not actual anymore. Thus, the study aims to investigate key drivers for creating new BMs and factors for their effective implementation by companies. The results of the study point to the main reasons for creating BMs. It was revealed that there are several external and internal prerequisites. Moreover, it was proved that considering the current tendency of the interfaces in relationships with different industries, it is important to talk about the development of BMs not only from a supply chain perspective. Moreover, it should be considered from the point of view of network value. Hence, the study highlights the need for a further investigation that aims to design new solutions, implement, test, and observe the effect of new BMs, considering collaborative ties between interested parties.

Acknowledgment
The study is supported by the grant from the Research Based Innovation “SFI Marine Operation in Virtual Environment (SFI-MOVE)” (Project no: 237929) in Norway.

There are many problems related to audit quality, which are often associated with audit failures. Internal government auditors in Indonesia also have issues with audit quality. Therefore, this study aims to present empirical evidence on the relationship between independence, competence, motivation, and audit quality. It will also determine the moderating effect of time budget pressure on the relationship between factors and audit quality. Data of this study were collected through a google form, in which 57 questionnaires were sent to internal auditors of government within the Principal Inspectorate of Indonesia’s Supreme Audit Institution for at least two years. The study adopted a quantitative approach using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with PLS version 3.0. The result findings of this study revealed that competence and motivation have a significantly positive effect on the quality of audit while independence does not. Time budget pressure does not significantly moderate such a relationship. In addition, these results have several significant implications for internal auditors as an object of consideration and evaluation relating to audits in the government sector, and information for government internal auditors to improve and maintain the quality of audit.

Innovative design labs were created by public authorities of the USA, Australia, Singapore, Finland, Canada, the UK, Switzerland, Denmark, China, and other countries to accelerate changes and develop modern public service. This paper provides further insight to establishing external innovation accelerators for strengthening capacity of public institutions. The study aims to define the development opportunities for innovative design labs for the public sector in Ukraine’s regions by the case of the Laboratory of Intellectual Development for Empowering Regions (LIDER). The study was conducted at two stages: (1) exploring the features of innovation implementation in the public sector and outlining the main problems of innovation capacity of public institutions; (2) defining the development opportunities for the LIDER via SWOT-analysis. To substantiate the study results, the correlation analysis between autocratic, bureaucratic, competitive, self-protective, and participative leadership behaviors of CEOs and innovation index based on data from 18 countries was performed, as well as a survey of 195 public servants of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine and an interview of 9 experts were conducted.
The following key development opportunities for the LIDER were detected: promoting the introduction of incremental innovations in public institutions by using design thinking methodology; assisting the development of pro-innovative culture and participative leadership via individual-centric and system-oriented approaches; developing effective tools for performance management and supporting public institutions in project activity; organizing the competitions for regional innovative projects; assisting in creation of radically human systems in public institutions.

Acknowledgment
The paper was prepared within the framework of the joint Ukrainian-Lithuanian R&D project “Competence Development of Lithuanian and Ukrainian Public Sector Employees Using Design-Thinking Methodology”.
The project has received funding from the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT, agreement № S-LU-20-5) and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (agreement № М/31-2020).

This paper aims to measure the influence of emotional intelligence on auditors’ judgment and the sustainability of audit activities in the Vietnamese market through auditors’ perceptions. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires from 232 auditors who currently work for independent audit firms in many provinces and cities. The research methods used include Cronbach’s Alpha test, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study showed that 5 of 5 factors of emotional intelligence positively affect the auditors’ judgment. These are intrapersonal awareness competency, interpersonal relationship capability, stress management ability, environment adaptability potentiality, and mood creativity focus. Meanwhile, only 4 of 5 factors of emotional intelligence positively influence the audit sustainability of audit projects (excluding interpersonal relationship capability). The study also shows that the auditor’s judgment has a positive influence on audit sustainability. Besides, there is a great difference related to the emotional intelligence and its impact on auditor’s judgment and audit sustainability based on gender. The study’s results provide scientific evidence that human factors, especially emotional intelligence, influence the auditor’s judgment and the sustainability of his/her professional career.

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the Editor-in Chief and a reviewer for their helpful comments that in our view have helped to improve the quality of the manuscript significantly.

The attention paid by researchers and practitioners to the relationship between employee engagement and spirituality in the workplace is limited, as studies of the two variables still stand alone. This leads to an important and increased emphasis on strength and employee engagement that are built on the organizational culture to show an awareness of spirituality in the workplace. This study aimed to explore the relationship between workplace spirituality and employee engagement of lecturers in Indonesia and professional commitment as a mediator. The respondents of the study were 322 lecturers from state and private universities in Indonesia. Validity, reliability, simple regression, and path analysis were used to analyze the data. The results of the study showed that workplace spirituality had a direct effect on employee engagement, with the β value of 0.836, and the R-square of 70%, while professional commitment had a mediating effect on the relationship between workplace spirituality and employee engagement, with the β value of 0.162 and the R-square of 72.3%. The results suggest that the implementation of workplace spirituality and employee engagement is important for universities to improve the performance of their lecturers.

The paper investigates the impact of institutional quality on economic growth by taking 48 countries in Asia between 2005 and 2018. By using the quantile regression methods with panel data, institutional quality is found to be a key factor of economic development. However, in the lower-income Asian countries, the institution with better quality appears to promote the growth more effectively than in the higher-income ones. Moreover, the paper also finds out a nonlinear relationship between institutions and economic growth. The results show that there is an institutional threshold for economic growth to reach its highest level. If the institution indicator exceeds the threshold, it causes the reverse effect on the growth. Moreover, the economic growth of Asian countries is also affected by inflation (INF), labor force (LABO), trade openness (OPEN), and infrastructure (TELE). From that, the study suggests some policy implications for Asian countries and Vietnam, in particular, in order to improve institutions contributing to economic growth.

The study is devoted to the investigation of the educational determinants as components in shaping the level of socio-economic development of countries around the world, including assessment of the impact of national higher education system development indicators on the determinants of economic development, in particular macroeconomic, innovation, and technology determinants.
Based on the grouping of 50 countries, a matrix of relationships between the Universitas 21 index and global competitiveness index was constructed. It is determined that despite the close correlation between the indices as a whole (0.96), there is a certain differentiation of influence in groups. The high impact of education on global competitiveness (0.76) was found in the group of countries with a medium level of competitiveness, moderate impact (0.54) – in the group of highly competitive countries, weak impact (0.38) – in the group of countries with a low level of competitiveness. Based on the correlation-regression analysis, the study proposes a structural-logical graph of the relationship between educational and economic indicators and quantifies it accordingly. The results show that the level of higher education competitiveness is closely correlated with such indicators as the level of global innovation development (0.8 over the period 2012-2020), the level of the knowledge intensity of GDP (0.73), and the level of socio-economic development (0.75). The results will allow changes in education indicators to be taken into account in the context of their impact on economic development and global development strategies.

The process of understanding the factors that affect the implementation of smart management in cities is pivotal for using this concept to improve the well-being of the population. The goal of this study is to establish the specifics of the implementation of the smart management concept in cities with different sizes and functional specialization. 44 cities of Lviv Oblast (Ukraine) are selected for this goal. The main method was a content analysis of information sources related to the activities of local authorities. The most important indicators that reflect the development of various components of a smart city are analyzed. It is established that measures for the introduction of smart technologies are carried out in most cities of the Oblast (about 80%). The leading cities are Lviv and Drohobych, among other cities are Boryslav, Truskavets, and Zolochiv. The share of cities with a high level of implementation of smart management technology is only 4%. However, 56% of the total urban population lives in these cities. Other cities are the smallest cities that did not have the functions of district centers. The share of such cities is 20% but only 3% of the population inhabits them. Among the components of the smart city concept, e-government tools are being most actively developed, followed by energy efficiency measures. There is no direct relationship between the size of cities and the implementation of smart technologies. Smart technologies are most intensively implemented in cities focused on tourism development. Former industrial cities are less successful.

Customer satisfaction is one of the most important success drivers. Managers need to understand how satisfaction is formed, which factors to focus on, and how to increase the performance. The Kano model offers useful guidance for managers to increase customer satisfaction. It assumes that there are three different factors, which influence overall satisfaction, and that the weight of these factors changes over time. This study adds to limited empirical evidence on temporal changes of nonlinear relationships between attribute performance and customer satisfaction. The data comprise two waves of a large-scale sample of more than 40,000 skiers in 55 Alpine ski resorts in 2012 and 2016. Applying nonlinear structural equation modeling, Ski Core and Value-for-Money were identified as basic factors (dissatisfiers) and Ski Peripherals as a performance factor. Change in skiers’ satisfaction levels operates at a slow pace and, besides general industry trends, time-related segmentation criteria like loyalty and skier skills play a salient role. Especially, the attribute Value-for-Money is prone to temporal changes.

Acknowledgments
We thank Michael Partel from Mountain-Management C. Est for granting access to the data.

This paper explores the influence of employee perception of psychological contracts on knowledge innovation from the perspective of open innovation. The purpose is to explore internal factors affecting knowledge innovation through the construction of the SEM model and provide enterprise managers with scientific and effective management methods. The survey sample includes 312 technical and scientific research employees from 16 high-tech enterprises in China. This study adopts a quantitative research method and conducts a questionnaire survey through the subjective sampling method of improbability sampling. Through empirical analysis, the results show that a psychological contract has a significant positive effect on knowledge innovation. Among them, the relational psychological contract is more influential than the transactional one. The influence of the relational psychological contract on organizational commitment is extremely significant; the influence is more than 50%. It reflects the importance that employees attach to the employment relationship. However, the transactional psychological contract has no significant effect on organizational commitment, and organizational commitment plays a partial mediating role. Therefore, enterprises should focus on building mutual trust and friendly employment relationships and implement targeted management strategies and incentives for employees to enhance their ability of knowledge innovation.

Acknowledgment
This study is a part of the research project: Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (19YJC630141).

The study aims to analyze the innovation potential of enterprises, explain the use of the binary regression methodology, and explore different indicators of the enterprises in the regions of Kazakhstan for building an effective management strategy. Methodological substantiation is based on the complex survey data analysis, provided by the World Bank Enterprises Survey (WBES) for Kazakhstan. WBES database has covered a sociological survey of enterprises, which was conducted using a random survey and representativeness among 1,296 enterprises, mainly in the production sector. Besides, the data were collected among companies regarding their experience in environmental perception (including innovation activity), in which they worked. The results have demonstrated that the age of the company, exporter status, type, sector, or activity – all these have a positive influence on the company’s tendency to innovations. However, as part of the study, it has found out that competitors in the marketplace and regions of activity of enterprises predominantly negatively affect the prospects of introducing innovation. It was also in evidence that the same factors (foreign ownership, advanced training, type, size, and sector of an enterprise) are essential determinants of product, technology, R&D, ICT, and innovation. Obtained results can be used by enterprises for building an effective management strategy of own business innovative development, as well as by local authorities to upgrade the competitive performance.

Acknowledgments
This study has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant “Priorities and mechanisms of inclusive regional development of Kazakhstan in the context of overcoming the economic recession” No. AP09259004).

In the trend of economic globalization, corporate responsibility is always concerned with economic growth. Responsibility accounting has important implications for enterprises in their growth. It contributes to the harmonization of interests among stakeholders. An enterprise complying with commitments, ensuring the implementation of responsibilities to communities and society, is an inevitable and objective trend. The objective of the paper is to examine the factors of profit ratio affecting compliance of corporate responsibility information. With a survey sample of 100 enterprises listed on Vietnam’s stock market, the paper uses data over the last five years in the period from 2016 to 2020. The results show that two independent variables have a positive effect on compliance of corporate responsibility accounting information, including return on equity and return on sales, in which return on sales has the strongest impact. Therefore, to strengthen the compliance with corporate responsibility information of Vietnamese listed enterprises, Vietnamese state agencies need to comply with international principles to issue appropriate regulations applicable to enterprises. Managers of Vietnamese listed enterprises need to raise awareness and demonstrate full responsibility including compliance with stakeholders.

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the experience of leading university libraries in attracting and using creative industries implementating strategic management. The study was conducted taking into account the previous experience by analyzing and systematizing the regulatory framework, information, and analytical materials on this issue, and conducting personal interviews with librarians. The results and conclusions were obtained on the example of libraries of seven higher educational institutions of Ukraine, which are included in the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education.
The paper illustrates an extremely unsatisfactory financial situation and insufficient funding for university libraries. But even in such conditions, they are transformed into informational institutions, which not only provide users with a comfortable educational space but also produce innovative information resources and implement creative projects. The most significant projects are analyzed. All seven libraries have development strategies in which their mission is formalized. In three strategies there are no quantitative guidelines for development and, accordingly, the timing of their achievement. In addition, three strategies do not have the understanding of the need for business activities, and their key business processes are not clearly defined. Another three university libraries lack significant international creative projects. Instead, all seven university libraries recognize the need for creative industries and successfully implement creative projects of national importance.
The study emphasizes the need to apply a model of strategic management of creative industries on the example of university libraries.

Acknowledgment
This scientific paper published with support by British Council’s ‘Creative Spark: Higher Education Enterprise Programme’, project № 5742783597 – the ‘National Сentre for Сreative Entrepreneurship Development’ (NCCE).

Both natural and non-natural disasters greatly affect human life, including business actors. The government is urgently required to solve the emerging problems caused by the disaster. This study aims to determine collaborative governance in handling natural and non-natural disasters that affect the business actors in Palu City. This study used a quantitative approach with a series of statistical tests. The sample of this study consisted of 207 respondents who are government and the business actors in Palu City affected by natural and non-natural disasters. Data were collected through observation, questionnaires, and documentation. Then, the data were analyzed with statistical testing including descriptive statistics and a T-Test (comparative test). The results showed a significant difference between collaborative governance during natural and non-natural disasters. Further, the differences in collaborative governance can be seen in the leadership and initial condition variables. When a natural disaster occurs, leadership is urgently required, while a non-natural disaster caused by the COVID-19 is highly determined by the initial conditions. It means that government decision-making to deal with non-natural disasters from the start is urgently required. The evidence can be seen from some countries and regions with slow response to the COVID-19 resulting in difficulty in controlling the spread of the virus.

The study’s relevance relates to the transformation of the human capital reproduction during the transition to a new socio-economic model and changes (digitalization, cyberization, customization, etc.) that are now taking place within Industries 4.0 and 5.0. The purpose of the study is to formulate the content and key directions of learning processes based on modeling and the formation of digital twins for the production and consumption of goods. The research method is based on the analysis of structural links in socio-economic systems, where the potential of human capital is realized. The study describes a trialectic model for the system development mechanism, which gives grounds to distinguish three types of essential components of implementing the specialists’ competencies (material, information, and communication). Based on the concept of “system of systems”, the necessity of multifunctional training of specialists for socio-economic systems is substantiated and shown on the list of personal knowledge/skills in the renewable energy sector. Recent trends in the reproduction of human capital, such as intellectualization, increased communication, internationalization, acquisition of skills, customization, and communication with consumers, are stated in line with Industries 4.0 and 5.0. The potential for future research is aimed at harmonizing relations between humans and cyber-physical systems, motivating the needs for self-development, and using disruptive technologies in the reproduction of human capital.

Acknowledgment
The publication contains the results of research of the European Commission grants “Jean Monnet Chair in EU Economic Policies and Civil Society” (619878-EPP-1-2020-1-UA-EPPJMO-CHAIR) and EU legislative, economic and social transition to sustainable society within Industry 4.0 and 5.0 (619997-EPP-1-2020-1-UA-EPPJMO-CHAIR).
The paper is prepared within the scientific research projects “Sustainable development and resource security: from disruptive technologies to digital transformation of Ukrainian economy” (No. 0121U100470) and “Fundamentals of the phase transition to the additive economy: from disruptive technologies to institutional socialization of decisions” No. 0121U109557), funded by the general fund of the state budget of Ukraine.

Development trends in management and organizational structures are considered one of the limitations of the ongoing transformation of the company architecture of enterprises in the Czech Republic. This study is based on the survey data of over 450 enterprises in different sizes and sector categories conducted in 2016–2019. Statistical dependence between the type of organizational structure and size of an enterprise is confirmed with a trend of transition to a department-based organizational structure at the expense of a division-based structure. A high degree of statistical dependence is found between the number of management levels and size of a company. However, a low level of statistical dependence is found between the number of management levels and the sector type. Dependence between management structure/size of an enterprise and its profitability is not confirmed. A critical strategic task for companies is acceleration of the transformation of the company architecture, including the organizational framework, and intensification of the innovation and digitalization based on a transfer of new knowledge into corporate practice. If enterprises accomplish this strategic task, they will generate higher value and they can be more profitable and sustainable. A transfer from classical management structures to departmental structures is demonstrated, which creates preconditions for transformation in process and project management. A new finding is an independent relationship between management structure/size of an enterprise and its profitability; and an opposite trend considering the number of management levels compared to the prediction, i.e., their decrease.

Currently, leadership becomes the concern of studies in public organizations. However, studies on servant leadership and its impact on hospital performance are still limited. This study aims to identify the relationship and impact of servant leadership on organizational performance (hospital). A quantitative approach was used on a sample of 729 healthcare workers at the Undata Regional General Hospital in Palu. The sampling was based on the Slovin formula with an error rate of 5%, thus it involved 258 respondents. Further, the sample was selected using a random proportional sampling technique to represent each field in the hospital. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression analysis with hypothesis testing. The results of descriptive analysis on the servant leadership variable showed that the highest mean value is the item stating that leadership in the hospital has a thorough understanding of the organization and its goals. Meanwhile, the lowest is the item stating that leaders sacrifice their interests less to meet the needs of healthcare workers. In the organizational performance variable, the highest mean value is the item that states that healthcare workers can work effectively every working day, while the lowest is the item of patients complaining about healthcare procedures. Furthermore, the results of regression analysis through hypothesis testing showed that servant leadership has a significant effect on organizational performance of hospitals with a strong level of relationships.

The role of a leader is fundamental to increase organizational culture and facilitate employee engagement. However, organizations are not providing clear guidance on how to do it. This study aims to determine the relationship between leadership styles and employee engagement as well as to understand whether there is a correlation between an engaged employee and extra effort. The study uses a Multi-Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5x Rater Form) to measure employee perception of the leader styles and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-17) to determine employee engagement. The scope of the study is limited to a sample of 167 employees from 7 different multinational companies and 31 different nationalities.
Results show that all the transformational behaviors and, concretely the idealized behavior, are significantly positively related to work engagement in multinational environments. Results also reveal a strong correlation between employee engagement and extra effort. The study concludes that leaders or managers should use transformational behaviors if they want to increase engagement and extra effort with their teams. They should increase transformational behaviors like being transparent, consistent, and having a strong sense of purpose to catalyze a collective engagement. These results expand previous studies of transformational leadership and work engagement in multinational environments.

HR practices have been always significant for researchers and industries because of the large expansion of the companies in various fields, which requires leaders who can identify and introduce innovative and effective HR practices to utilize and retain human resources for the long period. In the 21st century, there has been tremendous growth in the IT sector all around the world. The Indian IT sector has become globally competitive and high-tech in the rapidly developing Indian economy. Hence, this study was undertaken in the Indian IT sector to identify the impact of HR practices on corporate image building. This paper applied a quantitative research method. Data from 100 respondents were collected with the help of a structured questionnaire to test the hypotheses. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and SPSS 20 software were used for data analysis. The findings of the regression analysis proved that there is a significant relationship between employer branding and corporate image building. The analysis of this study indicates that the IT companies implementing the HR practices based on employer branding and corporate social responsibility get benefits in building the corporate image and give positive results to them. HR practices have a significant relationship with corporate image building.