Issue #2 (Volume 21 2023)

The defense industry is vital to supporting a country’s defense, especially in the modern era. While many emerging and developing countries are capable of producing military goods and services domestically, they remain dependent on foreign inputs to varying degrees. Yet, several studies have examined factors that can affect the self-reliance of the defense industries in developing countries. Therefore, the present study aims to examine factors that can explain business performance variation of defense industries in developing countries. It investigates further the business model innovation mediation for the first two factors of business performance. Data have been collected from 70 defense industrial companies in Indonesia. The Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling method is used to analyze the impact of high-performance work systems, technological innovation, and business model innovation on the business performance of industrial companies. The results show a significant effect of implementing High-Performance Work Systems and Technological Innovation through Business Model Innovation on Business Performance (accounted for R2 = 0.67). The research findings are expected to encourage defense industries in developing countries to focus on implementing human resource practices and adopting new or improved technologies and research results at all levels of management following business model adjustments.

The citizen acceptance of e-government is widely researched in industrialized nations; however, only a few studies have looked at the adoption of e-government in developing nations, including Indonesia. This study aims to identify the elements influencing Indonesian citizens’ acceptance of electronic governance. The following models are suggested to achieve this purpose: the information system success model (ISSM) and the technology adoption model (TAM). The sample includes 735 respondents in Indonesia; the self-selection convenience sampling technique was used in this study. The findings indicated that perceived usefulness is positively impacted by system quality (β = 0.113; p < 0.05), information quality (β = 0.502; p < 0.05), and service quality (β = 0.285; p < 0.05). Furthermore, considering the TAM model, perceived usefulness (β = 0.762; p < 0.05) has a favorable impact on intentions to use e-government, and intention to use (β = 0.502; p < 0.05) favorably influences user behavior. The findings of this study advance theoretical knowledge by developing and validating an integrated model for the effect of e-government adoption, information quality, system quality, and service quality on perceived usefulness. Risks may be lessened by enhancing the systems and capabilities that enable citizens to use e-government. Additionally, this paper offers various recommendations for improving and promoting e-government in Indonesia.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) create more than half of the added value, providing about two-thirds of employment in most countries. However, they need more liquidity, access to credit resources, and significant outstanding loans. This study aims to identify the impact of interest rates on outstanding loans of enterprises on their structure as a way to prevent bankruptcy. The correlation-regression analysis used OECD statistical data for 2008‒2019 sampling individual countries; it showed an ambiguous situation between the interest rate and the share of outstanding loans of SMEs in the overall structure of outstanding loans. The paper verified constructed regression equations and estimated their parameters. The regression equations for Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, and Latvia are statistically reliable. Thus, in Belgium and the Czech Republic, a negative relationship was recorded (r = –0.822; D = 0.675; r = –0.9274; D = 0.794; F-criterion > Ft, respectively), and in Estonia and Latvia – a positive one (r = 0.876; D = 0.767; F-criterion > F•Ft; r = 0.800; D = 0.641; F-criterion > Ft , respectively). Australia, Italy, Slovakia, and France practically do not have a corresponding relationship. The regression equations make it possible to estimate the change in the level of interest rate on the share of outstanding loans of enterprises in the overall structure of outstanding loans, make predictions of the corresponding performance indicator, and develop measures of restoring the solvency of enterprises as an essential task of preventing their bankruptcy.

This study intends to assess the impact of adopting green accounting and environmental performance on sustainable development, with CSR disclosure acting as a moderator. The population of the study consists of the palm oil companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the Malaysia Stock Exchange for the 2019–2021 period. Purposive sampling was utilized as a sampling method to select 45 businesses. Partial least squares analysis was performed to examine the data. The results showed that the implementation of green accounting (β = 0.231; p < 0.05) and environmental performance (β = 0.285; p < 0.05) affect the sustainable development of palm oil companies. Then, CSR disclosure strengthens the effect between the implementation of green accounting (β = 0.293; p < 0.05) and environmental performance (β = 0.150; p < 0.05) on the sustainable development of palm oil companies. This study helps companies that properly implement corporate social responsibility or care about environmental safety become the best investment opportunities. It also serves as the material for investors and potential investors to help them make the best decisions about companies that employ green accounting in corporate reporting.

Employees with organizational citizenship behavior are characterized by the attitude of people who show employees’ willingness to exceed the minimum targets set by the organization. Thus, employees will work voluntarily even outside their duties and responsibilities. This study aims to investigate the interactions between reward systems and organizational citizenship behavior, considering work satisfaction as a mediating factor. This paper employs a quantitative methodology. Thirty-eight agricultural extension employees from the Agricultural Office in Labuhanbatu Regency, Indonesia, served as the samples. SEM (SmartPLS) approach was utilized to analyze the data. The findings discovered that the reward system has a favorable and considerable impact on job satisfaction. The results also boosted that the increase in employee job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on increasing organizational citizenship behavior. The relationship between the reward system and organizational citizenship behavior is positive but insignificant. Moreover, the study also demonstrates that job satisfaction significantly and favorably mediates the impact of the reward system on organizational citizenship behavior. Therefore, a reward policy must be implemented to satisfy employees because job satisfaction is crucial in increasing organizational citizenship behavior.

Regional attractiveness plays a crucial role in regional economic development and competitiveness. Despite interest in out-migration from peripheral regions, most studies overlooked Generation Z members in perceiving these factors. Therefore, the paper aims to examine the effect of the regional perception of Generation Z on their expectation of out-migration from the peripheral region. The focus group comprised 56 respondents (stakeholders) selected through purposive sampling by regional development agencies in three peripheral regions of the Czech Republic to identify regional perception indicators. The exploratory factor analysis and the principal component analysis were used to detect latent constructs of the identified regional perception indicators. Logistic regression was used to model the association between latent constructs and Generation Z’s intention to leave or to stay in the peripheral region. Economic, social, and environmental dimensions were detected as latent constructs of regional perception indicators. The first dimension represents smartness and opportunities; the second, openness, is accompanied by culture; and the third, a safe and clean environment. The estimation results suggest the effect of the economic and lifestyle dimensions (β = 0.528, p < 0.001) and the social dimension (β = 0.292, p < 0.01) of the regional perception on the intention of Generation Z to leave or stay in the peripheral region, without the effect of the environmental dimension (β = 0.033, p = 0.740). The paper emphasizes the importance of economic, lifestyle, and social indicators of regional perception in place-based policies to retain Generation Z in the peripheral regions.

Acknowledgment
This paper was supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic – program ÉTA under Grant TL03000525 – Design of a Model of Metropolitan Areas in the Czech Republic affected by depopulation.

Higher education institutions are the core of the nation’s vocational education. This study aims to analyze the features of higher education institutions and their functioning in all Kazakhstan regions, allowing equal access to high-quality and necessary education. The data were collected from official statistical data by the Statistical Bureau of Kazakhstan and other official statistics for 2002–2021. The collected data were processed, and multivariate regression equations for each Kazakhstan region were constructed using the EViwes10 Atlas.ti software to illustrate the algorithm and hierarchy of the educational system of Kazakhstan. The regression results showed that in some regions, the relationships are differentiated, and the correlation values indicate a significant relationship between the indicators. In particular, Akmola, Karaganda, Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, Astana city, and Almaty city demonstrated strong relationships between the indicators. 11 out of 17 created models were excluded from the evaluation process due to the absence or low connection with the dependent factor, the lack of statistical significance of the coefficients, and the low level of reliability of the models obtained. In turn, within particular regions, the degree of such a relationship was weak. Moreover, there are grounds to assert the need to stimulate public policy and implement systemic measures to create favorable conditions to strengthen educational potential.

Acknowledgment
This study is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant “Strategy for the development of regional potential of Kazakhstan: Assessment of socio-cultural and economic potentials, development of a roadmap, models and scenarios of development” No. BR18574240).

This study aims to examine the relationship between sticky cost behavior and supply chain management of Jordanian manufacturing firms. The data are collected using a questionnaire targeting 25 Jordanian manufacturing firms. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and correlation. The results reveal a positive relationship between supply chain management and sticky cost behavior (the correlation factor is 81.2%), indicating that the higher the level of sticky costs, the higher the supply chain management level. Moreover, the study found a positive and significant link between target costing and supply chain management (the correlation factor is 68.1%). The findings suggest that manufacturing companies in Jordan should consider the impact of sticky cost behavior on their supply chain management practices and that target costing can be an effective approach to improve supply chain management. The study adds to the previous studies on cost behavior and supply chain management, providing insights for manufacturing companies in Jordan and beyond on improving their supply chain management practices.

Acknowledgment
I want to thank Amman Arab University for funding this study.

Optimized corporate performance assumes that financial and non-financial performance can be achieved through effective collaboration between leaders and employees. This study analyzes the mediation of employee engagement on the connection between dark side leadership and leader-member exchange on corporate performance in Indonesia. This study used a mixed methods approach by distributing questionnaires to 1,013 respondents consisting of supervisors and managers and conducting intensive interviews with 20 respondents with more than 25 years of work experience to strengthen the perception of answers. The paper uses multiple linear regression analysis. The regression results show that dark side leadership (β = –0.228, ρ = 0.000) and leader-member exchange (β = 0.424, ρ = 0.000) affect employee engagement. Next, leader-member exchange (β = 0.176, ρ = 0.008) and employee engagement (β = 0.391, ρ = 0.000) affect corporate performance, while dark side leadership has no effect (β = 0.020, ρ = 0.400). Finally, employee engagement mediates the effect of dark side leadership and leader-member exchange on corporate performance. This finding indicates that the comfort level of employees at work will decrease if a leader demonstrates a dark side behavior that can affect his/her performance, which later impacts corporate performance. Furthermore, the novelty contribution of dark side leadership measurements on the cultural and emotional dimensions can impact employee turnover intention. This study offers implications for practitioners to conduct selective assessments at the beginning of leader recruitment and control internal leader assessments to create effective organizational behavior.

Acknowledgment
This paper is not supported by grants or scholarship and is free from conflict of interest.

The digital economy has enforced women’s employment and provided more possibilities for promoting employment for gender equality (SGD5). In order to achieve SDG5, the study aims to explore the role of digital employment policy and digital employment value on digital employment intention based on the support alliance theory and employment behavior theory and to build a model of digital employment for gender equality. 492 women with digital work experience from China participated in the survey. The results reveal that digital employment policy (β = 0.327, p < 0.001) and digital employment value (β = 0.454, p < 0.001) predict digital employment intention. Digital employment policy plays an active role in determining digital employment value (β = 0.546, p < 0.001). At the same time, the study claims the intermediary role of digital employment value in the structural model. This study can inspire the government and relevant departments to design more scientific and diversified employment policies for women, including policy support in economic, educational, and social aspects. Furthermore, women in the digital era should actively participate in training, improve their digital skills, understand the possibilities that digitalization brings to their work and life, and adapt themselves to the development of the digital society. This study encourages women to integrate into the digital society and actively improve their values, thus achieving SDG5.

Safety risks at work during a pandemic and war require new standards for the organization of work. Increasing socio-psychological pressure requires a better definition of staff duties, communication rules, and work and rest regimes. The purpose of the study is to determine the most acceptable regulations for the organization of labor that help to maintain the efficiency of a company’s activities in an unstable environment. In the course of the research, a content analysis of regulatory documents was carried out and a survey among HR managers, heads of Ukrainian companies, and their employees was conducted. All data were collected in two waves. The first wave was in November-December 2021 with 301 participants. Due to the beginning of the war, the second wave of the study was conducted in April-May 2022, when the wartime conditions have already made their impact, with 271 participants — managers, HR managers, and staff of Ukrainian enterprises. The results confirmed that working conditions and global risks that determine the types of the organization of work under uncertainty require a flexible approach. Mixed and flexible standards of the organization of work provide for optimal work modes and safer working practices, so they have been approved to be more effective. It has been determined that the disregard of global challenges, trends, and the social nature of labor by the company management reduces the effectiveness of labor organization regulations.

Entrepreneurship is identical with the risk of uncertain environment or market. This risk makes many university graduates hesitant about pursuing a career as an entrepreneur. So that universities play an important role in producing graduates who are ready for entrepreneurship, to support them in terms of education, in addition to several other supporting factors such as family, friends, and especially themselves. This research objective is to analyze the effect of educational support, relational support, personal attitudes, and uncertainty on entrepreneurial intents. State university students in East Java, Indonesia, became the population in this study. This area was chosen because it is the biggest contributor to successful entrepreneurs in Indonesia. This study used a sample of 113 students. Although limited in number, they were evenly sourced from large and well-known universities, and a good entrepreneurial atmosphere was provided for the students. Statistical tests with AMOS were used to test this relationship. Normality assumption test, validity and reliability test, as well as hypothesis testing, are directed to look for the importance of the connection. Relational support has the strongest influence, followed by personal attitude, uncertainty, and the lowest is educational support. These results indicate that internal forces exert a stronger effect than external stimuli. This study found that academy graduates choose careers as entrepreneurs through various considerations. The strongest consideration is relational support. Those with an entrepreneurial family background have a stronger intention to be entrepreneurs.

The aggravation of the migration crisis in the country against the background of socio-economic instability in conditions of war has triggered the deterioration of the institutional and economic capacity of local governments to ensure further integration of internally displaced persons in the host society. The article aims to identify the resource and economic capacity of local governments in conditions of war to ensure the needs and adaptation of internally displaced persons to new living conditions (using the example of Pidberiztsivska Territorial Community of Lvivska Oblast). The research is based on a questionnaire survey in the form of in-depth interviews with the representatives of local governments. The sample consists of 20 persons; strata are formed in accordance with the staff units of local governments (head of the village council; representatives of the community’s administrative center and starostyn districts; heads of structural units of the village council). The paper emphasizes that local governments face a great challenge in ensuring the adaptation of internally displaced persons in the community, mainly related to the lack of free housing (according to 76.2% of respondents) and the labor surplus in the local market (over 20%). The results show that the majority of internally displaced persons see the community only as a place of “waiting” and seek to return to the former residence place (68.4% of the interviewed representatives of local government), so they shouldn’t be deemed as a potential community asset. Proactive tools for increasing the resource and economic capacity of local governments to ensure further integration of internally displaced persons include interaction with regional authorities, efficient use of the capacity of relocated businesses, cooperation with charitable foundations and NGOs to solve housing problems and create additional high-wage jobs.

The low level of the nation’s health and physical activity highlights the need to find additional mechanisms for the development of the sports sphere, one of which is to increase its financing. This paper aims to investigate how an increase in general government expenditure on recreation and sports affects sports entrepreneurship (turnover or gross premium written in the sports industry; value added at factor cost of sports enterprises; sports industry market size) and the share of the population involved in sports (as an indicator characterizing the development of sports). The study used the panel unit root test and fixed and random effects models. Modeling proved that the increase in general government expenditure on recreation and sports by 1% largely determines the increase in value added at factor cost of sports enterprises (by 5.48%). A significantly less effect is for turnover or gross premium written in the sports industry (by 0.85%), and the smallest is for the sports industry market size (by 0.4%). A 1% increase in general government expenditure on recreation and sport has the greatest impact in the Czech Republic (by 2.37%) and Slovakia (by 2.44%) and the least – in Australia (by 0.4%). The share of the population involved in sports is almost independent of general government expenditure on recreation and sports in all 10 OECD countries.

Creative human resources are becoming urgent amidst development in recent decades. The television industry has been one that faces the challenge with the emergence of new platforms offering variety and ease of information. Hence this study aims to test the direct effect of perceived organizational support on employee creativity and the mediation role of the meaning of work. This study was conducted on Net Mediatama Television, a private television company, specifically among employees working in the content department, since this division constantly needs creativity to develop concepts and create a broadcast program. Data from 70 respondents were collected through online questionnaires and analyzed with the PLS technique. The results confirmed that perceived organizational support and meaning of work are relevant factors that directly stimulate and enhance employee creativity. The mediating role of work meaning for perceived organizational support and creativity was also proven significant. This indicates that employees who get organizational support have a strong meaning towards work so that their level of creativity increases. Based on these findings, organizations can formulate strategic steps to increase employee creativity by focusing on organizational support and meaningfulness in work.

Local government competitiveness is an intriguing contemporary issue that has not been discussed extensively in prior studies on the evolution of the structure and scope of government. This study aims to explore how local government management processes can enhance regional competitiveness for the benefit of citizens. Using an analytical hierarchy of paired comparisons and indicator aggregation, this study analyzes several components of the local government managerial process by quantifying the degree of importance of each component. Data were collected from 38 regions in Indonesia and 34 government experts. The results of the analysis show that there are three components of the local government managerial process that contribute significantly to regional competitiveness: the quality of customer/citizen management with an eigenvector value of 0.187, strategic planning with an eigenvector value of 0.169, and the effectiveness of the integrity system with an eigenvector value of 0.136. Other results show that the resultant eigenvector values for other components are less than 0.100 or 10%, so these components are not classified as strong. Furthermore, the p-value of the intercoder reliability test using the t-test was greater than the significance level of 0.05, implying that there was no difference between the test results of the first and second expert groups. This study concludes that customer/citizen satisfaction with government products and services, the effectiveness of strategic planning that focuses on socio-economic development, and legal and ethical compliance of organizational actors are the primary determinants of enhancing regional competitiveness.

Higher education institutions (HEIs) operate in a dynamic environment driven by increasing competition, reduced funding and the deteriorating South African economy. Understanding the needs of students as customers puts pressure on HEIs to provide a unique customer experience to gain a competitive advantage, as both private and public HEIs compete not only for funding but also for prospective students. This study takes a business perspective of higher education by examining how students relate higher education service providers’ (academic and administrative staff) attitudes towards them, to their perceptions of service experience and satisfaction using a sample of 411 students and 428 employees from private and public HEIs in SA. Convenience random sampling was used to identify and select research participants. SPSS Version 22 was used to perform descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, and structural equation modelling was used to test seven (7) hypotheses. The study results highlighted important issues relating to customer-oriented behaviour in the HE industry. Students are more likely to have positive higher education experiences and be satisfied with services when higher education service providers are customer-focused and have a positive attitude towards students. This study recommends that HEIs ensure that their frontline employees (academics and administrators) are customer-focused and empowered to drive continuous improvement activities to enhance the overall customer experience and student satisfaction while maintaining academic integrity.

Changes in the logistics of energy resources and their potential shortage are causing a review of the EU energy policy. The energy sector significantly affects the progress toward achieving climate policy goals due to significt greenhouse gas emissions. The REPowerEU plan, implemented in the EU27 to overcome the energy crisis, requires new forecasts of greenhouse gas emissions due to a change in European energy policy.
This paper aims to examine the consequences of the management of the energy crisis caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on EU climate policy. This study focuses on forecasting greenhouse gas emissions in the EU until 2030 and uses the Seasonal ARIMA model based on quarterly time series in the EU27.
Depending on energy management and changes in energy policy to overcome the energy crisis, a positive or negative scenario for greenhouse gas emissions may occur. An important parameter that should be considered when determining the scenario of the EU energy development according to climate policy was defined by correlation analysis.
According to the negative scenario and under the influence of the effects of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the value of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU at the beginning of 2030 will be 0.752911 tons per capita. The positive scenario shows greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced to 0.235225 tons per capita.
The study results proved two extreme scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, depending on how to overcome the energy crisis.

Acknowledgment
The authors appreciate the copyright holder: © European Union, 1995–2022, as well as the source of the extracted data, which is the European Commission website, Eurostat http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat (accessed on 16 October 2022).
This study was funded by the European Union (the project No. 101048079 – EU4SmartED – ERASMUS-JMO-2021-HEI-TCH-RSCH); by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (projects No. 0122U000788, 0122U000769, 0121U109553, 0120U102001, 0122U000777).
This research was funded by Faculty of Organization and Management of the Silesian University of Technology (grant number: 13/990/BK_23/0178).

Market orientation is a high-impact factor for the success in the management of SMEs, especially in the digital business era, which is why companies are required to direct their management toward this segment. This study uses the deductive method to measure the relationship between orientation to the digital market and the organizational economic performance of service SMEs in a peripheral region of Colombia under a quantitative methodology. Likewise, the study is of a descriptive correlational type, and non-probability sampling is used for convenience. A sample includes 243 employees at the management level of 158 organizations in the region. The multidimensional MKTOR scale by Narver and Slater (1990) was adapted to measure the digital market orientation scale, while a scale designed and validated by the authors was used for economic performance. The hypothesized constructs were analyzed with the SEM approach using SPSS software and its AMOS complement. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between market orientation and the economic performance of SMEs (0.691, p < 0.00). Next, it was evidenced that SMEs have a low market orientation because they do not have technological tools designed to satisfy the needs of digital clients; they are unaware of the processes of the competition. Although they work in a coordinated manner at the cross-functional level, they show poor organizational performance.

Acknowledgment
The authors thank the Universidad Surcolombiana for their support in the development of the research.

This study aims to assess the positive impact of infrastructure investments on the dynamics of economic growth. The sample includes ten countries (Azerbaijan, Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Georgia, Mexico, Moldova, Serbia, and Turkey) for 2011–2020 that meet the following criteria:

• belong to upper-middle-income economies (according to the World Bank Atlas method);
• the OECD statistical database contains data on investment volumes in infrastructure development of road, railway transport, inland waterways, sea, and airports (by all financing sources). The primary focus was put on the analysis of this issue in Azerbaijan.

GDP per capita growth was selected as the resulting parameter; the main dependent variable was infrastructure investment volumes (total inland and infrastructure road, rail, and air investment), and additional dependent variables were a foreign direct investment (net inflows) and gross domestic investment. Shapiro-Wilk test (for checking normal data), Spearman and Pearson methods (for correlation estimation), Granger test (for detecting causal relationships), and Arellano-Bond dynamic panel-data estimation (for influence formalization) were used. As a result, the following parameters exert the greatest influence on economic growth level: value of gross domestic investment (its growth by 1% causes GDP per capita growth to increase by 0.54% without a time lag); value of infrastructure investment inland (total) (by 1.51% with a three-year lag); value of infrastructure road investment (by 0.41% with a three-year lag). These results can help future research and decision-making at different management levels to strengthen economic growth through infrastructure investment.

The full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in 2022 triggered a massive wave of forced migration to Poland. This has resulted in the phenomenon of ‘unintended transnationalism.’ Transnational migrants do not part with their country of origin forever but live a double life, act as members of two socio-cultural communities and become carriers of a double culture. This study aims to systematize the socio-cultural peculiarities of the unintended transnationalism of military migrants from Ukraine to Poland.
The theoretical foundations of migrants’ transnationalism are systematically analyzed and its main characteristics are systematized. The emergence of the so-called unintentional transnationalism of military migrants is revealed. A comparative analysis made it possible to compare transnational processes in Poland and Ukraine.
The study found that migrants’ transnationalism is manifested through sharing their cultural values, traditions, and customs in a new cultural environment. The culture of migrants includes elements of the host country’s culture, elements of the culture of the migrants’ homeland, as well as new elements arising from the interaction of these two cultures. The main manifestations of migrants’ culture are language and communication, education, religious practices, intercultural dialogue, relations between representatives of different cultures, and other aspects of their daily lives. The study has shown that the transnationalism of military migrants can generate various cultural processes, including multilingualism, hybridization, cultural diffusion, cultural preservation, and intercultural dialogue.

For most companies, supply chains have become the most crucial factor in their competition rather than individual competition, enabling any company to gain a competitive advantage against another organization through efficient and effective supply chain management. Supply chain drivers have become one of the most critical potential valuable access to a competitive advantage by enhancing and improving organizational performance. This study aims to explore the impact of the drivers of the supply chain on the performance of pharmacies of the Ministry of Health in Jordan. The study used the descriptive analytical approach and simple random sampling. 300 electronic questionnaires were designed via Google Sheets and sent via email and social media to employees in the Jordanian Ministry of Health pharmacies. The study retrieved 252 questionnaires valid for analysis. SPSS was employed to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The results showed that the Beta-value is 0.849, T-value is 25.370, at a significance value of 0.000, which means that supply chain drivers affected the Ministry of Health pharmacy’s performance. The estimated regression equation means that any one-unit increase in the level of supply chain drivers will lead to an increase in Ministry of Health pharmacies’ performance by 0.789. Furthermore, the performance of the supply chain drivers was moderate, and the general performance was high. The study recommended that pharmacies focus on employing software and modern technology in inventory control.

Undeniably, this new normality brought about by COVID-19 represents an extraordinary challenge for universities, from strengthening infrastructure, technology, and quality of services, to achieving happiness in their collaborators. In response, this study aims to examine the effect of servant leadership on happiness at work, with emotional salary as a moderating variable. The paper adopted a quantitative methodological perspective with a non-experimental design whose study sample consisted of 269 collaborators among teachers and support staff of the Peruvian Union University, Peru. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the latent structure of the constructs, presenting an adequate internal consistency (α > 0.7). On the other hand, the confirmatory factor analysis presented an adequate fit. The results showed a significant effect (β = 0.306; p < 0.001) of servant leadership on emotional salary, as well as a significant effect of emotional salary on happiness at work (β = 0.724; p < 0.001). This study provides a valuable perspective for universities seeking to improve the happiness of their employees in the context of the new normal. It emphasizes the importance of servant leadership and emotional salary to achieve this goal. By implementing these strategies, universities can increase employee satisfaction and improve the quality of their services and the student experience.

As organizations transform, they adapt to unstable, unpredictable, complex, and ambiguous conditions. This study intends to explore the influence of self-efficacy and work values in determining employability using the choice model of the social cognitive career theory. The purpose of this paper is to investigate affective commitment as an outcome variable in relation to self-efficacy and intrinsic and extrinsic value support mediated by perceived internal and external employability. This paper uses data from 286 employees; the hypotheses were evaluated using partial least squares structural equations modeling. The results of this study support the employability paradox that states that perceived internal employability mediates a positive effect between self-efficacy and affective commitment, while perceived external employability has a negative effect on affective commitment. This study provides further evidence in the literature on employability that self-efficacy and perceived external employability have a significant role in the context of a career change. Intrinsic values support has a detrimental influence on perceived external employability. Extrinsic work values positively affect perceived internal and external employability, while intrinsic work values negatively affect perceived external employability.

Acknowledgment
This study was funded by MBKM Project, Education and Higher Education Ministry, Indonesia. The Human Resources Management and Behavioural Research Group Faculty of Economy, Universitas Negeri Padang, also supported it.

The study aims to examine the effect of employee loyalty on job performance in Bahrain. Further, it investigates the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between employee loyalty and job performance. One hundred two participants employed by Zain company were selected through an online convenience sampling technique. The study chose Zain, a telecommunication company in Bahrain, due to easy access to employees, interest in studying company culture/methods, collaboration opportunities, and Zain’s reputation for innovation. SmartPLS4 was used to investigate potential correlations between employee loyalty and job performance and how job satisfaction indirectly affects employee loyalty and job performance. Findings show that employee loyalty significantly influences job performance and job satisfaction. Further, job satisfaction is significantly associated with job performance. In terms of mediating effect, the study found that job satisfaction significantly influences the relationship between employee loyalty and job performance. Every variable studied had an impact on job performance. As a result, the current study’s hypotheses are all confirmed. The model of the study is well fit, as the R-square is greater than 51%. The main contribution of this study is the insight that job satisfaction is a substantial mediator of the relationship between employee loyalty and job performance. Through theoretical and practical contributions, this study offers valuable implications that might benefit managers at companies, including Zain company, as well as interested readers and researchers.