Expectations of individuals regarding the Ijara Forward contract: the case of healthcare financing

The state of banking systems is an important issue. The purpose of this paper was to test whether the well-known CAMELS microeconomic methodology, generally used for ranking banks, is applicable to evaluating Islamic banking systems. The hypothesis was tested by implementing a method for a particular case, public, free data – from 2013 till the first quarter of 2018 – on Islamic banking systems from the “Islamic Financial Services Board” (IFBS) database. As expected, modifications were necessary. First, because of the lack of data (in Islamic databases, no data refer to the management (“M”)), and second, to avoid the subjectivity of the five-degree method and to reach more sensibility. Thus, a hundred-level (standardized) rating system was introduced – “CAELS 100”, where “100” refers to the levels. The other part of the methodology – creating a simple average of the (now level 100) rating of raw indicators to get the letters of CA(M)ELS in the relevant period – remained unchanged. After the data cleaning, only six countries (Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, Oman, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates) were able to participate in the analysis.
The result showed that Egypt, Turkey and Kuwait were the best ones respectively. Thus, it was concluded that this “CAELS 100” methodology is suitable for evaluating Islamic banking systems.

Acknowledgment
The research was supported by the project “Intelligent specialization program at Kaposvár University”, No. EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00007.

As the world has been struck with a global financial crisis, Middle Eastern countries have been affected as well. Thus, Islamic banks have expanded, and the competitive advantage has become intensive with the increased number of conventional banks in the global banking system. This manuscript is aimed to examine the impact of macroeconomic and bank-specific factors on Islamic bank financing in the Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, the Vector Error Correction Model and the Granger causality test were run from 2009 to 2018 to detect the long- and short-run relationship between the explanatory variables and Islamic bank financing. The results suggest that both inflation and profitability negatively impact Islamic bank financing in the long run. The paper also revealed bidirectional causality between the variables GDP and bank size and Islamic bank financing. It shows that GDP and bank size are highly dominant factors of Islamic bank financing in the short run. Thus, this paper provides evidence that any short-run shock in the variables of GDP, inflation, and bank size will cause a long-term relationship with Islamic bank financing. This article’s novelty is to ensure resilience within the Islamic banking system during and after the financial crisis. It provides evidence that Islamic banks can cushion their financial activities from economic volatility during the crisis. The results found can be used to predict the growth of Islamic bank financing in upcoming years in the Middle East and all emerging countries.

This study aims to determine whether the loan granted factor can affect peer-to-peer lending in Indonesia. The factors investigated in this research are the loan amount, loan period, interest rate, gender, and loan history using the data from registered and licensed peer-to-peer lending by the Financial Services Authority or Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) on November 2019. By examining 1,006 loans, the analytical method used is binary logistic regression with a significance level of alpha 0.05. The results of this research are loan amount, loan period, and loan history have the strongest impact on borrowers’ loan funding decision, suggesting that these loan characteristics can signal information that standard measures are used for loan funding. However, interest rate and gender have no significant effect on loan granted. Overall, loan funding decisions are based on proper and relevant signals given by loan characteristics.