Commercialization of R&D and opportunities for the development of academic entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan

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The transition to an innovative economy requires greater attention to creating favorable conditions for the commercialization of scientists’ developments and the possibility of realizing the accumulated scientific potential. This study aimed to examine the commercialization process in the Republic of Kazakhstan and identify factors influencing the development of academic entrepreneurship in universities. It examines a gradual change in legislation on technology transfer and the dynamics of implemented commercialization projects during 2016–2022. Structured interviews were conducted with academics of the biggest 14 universities in Kazakhstan with a sample of 209 respondents to identify factors influencing the desire of scientists to engage in academic entrepreneurship. The findings revealed that the most attractive factors for academics are flexible working hours (4.67 of 5), the opportunity to implement their own innovative ideas (4.12), and an increase in income (3.63). In turn, negative factors include the lack of qualified personnel (4.56), difficulties in legislation (4.27), and bureaucratic barriers (3.78). The study revealed that gender and age moderately affected scholars’ desire to engage in academic entrepreneurship (Cramer’s V = 0.3025). The greatest desire to start their own business was demonstrated by men aged 26-35 years and by women aged 36-45 years. The findings also show that the scientific fields positively affect the number of ready-made ideas, patents, and technologies that academics offer to businesses.

Acknowledgment
This study is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP13268750).

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    • Figure 1. Strength of relationship between variables based on Pearson residuals
    • Figure 2. Strength of relationship between studied variables
    • Table 1. Legislative acts and government programs in the field of innovative and technological development
    • Table 2. Number of commercialization projects implemented at the republican level as a result of government grants for R&D commercialization
    • Table 3. Objects of innovation infrastructure in the Republic of Kazakhstan
    • Table 4. Sample demographic information
    • Table 5. Positive factors that influence employees to start a business
    • Table 6. Negative factors that influence academic entrepreneurship
    • Table 7. Relationship between the gender and age of scientists and the desire to start a business
    • Table 8. Relationship between scientific fields and the availability of innovative developments for possible implementation
    • Conceptualization
      Diana Sitenko
    • Formal Analysis
      Diana Sitenko, Ali Sabyrzhan, Yelena Gordeyeva, Dinara Temirbayeva
    • Funding acquisition
      Diana Sitenko, Dinara Temirbayeva
    • Investigation
      Diana Sitenko, Ali Sabyrzhan, Yelena Gordeyeva, Dinara Temirbayeva
    • Methodology
      Diana Sitenko, Yelena Gordeyeva
    • Resources
      Diana Sitenko, Dinara Temirbayeva
    • Supervision
      Diana Sitenko, Ali Sabyrzhan
    • Visualization
      Diana Sitenko, Yelena Gordeyeva, Dinara Temirbayeva
    • Writing – review & editing
      Diana Sitenko
    • Data curation
      Ali Sabyrzhan, Yelena Gordeyeva
    • Project administration
      Ali Sabyrzhan, Yelena Gordeyeva, Dinara Temirbayeva
    • Software
      Ali Sabyrzhan, Yelena Gordeyeva
    • Writing – original draft
      Ali Sabyrzhan, Yelena Gordeyeva, Dinara Temirbayeva
    • Validation
      Yelena Gordeyeva