Noor Aldeen Kassem Al-alawnh

This study aims to explore the impact of coronavirus pandemic-related variables and non-pharmaceutical interventions on fluctuations in the Malaysian stock market during the period from January 7, 2020, to March 31, 2021. By employing GARCH-M (1,1) family models (GARCH-M, EGARCH-M, and PGARCH-M), the study seeks to understand the intricate dynamics of market volatility amidst the pandemic and associated interventions. The findings suggest that while past market volatility and conditional variance continue to influence current market fluctuations, their effects have diminished over time during the study period. Additionally, the EGARCH-M (1,1) model reveals a leverage effect, indicating increased market volatility following negative news compared to positive news. Interestingly, the EGARCH-M (1,1) model emerges as the optimal choice for accurately capturing data dynamics. Conversely, the PGARCH-M (1,1) model does not exhibit a statistically significant leverage effect. These insights contribute to a better understanding of market behavior during crises, informing future research and risk management strategies.

Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to the Middle East University, Amman, Jordan, for the full financial support granted to this research paper.

Type of the article: Research Article

Abstract
The study examines the impact of liquidity risk and operational risk on the financial stability in both commercial and Islamic banks in Jordan. The study utilizes secondary data covering a period of ten years, from 2012 to 2022, as it offers a holistic and uninterrupted period that includes the key regulatory, economic, and structural changes in Jordan’s banking sector. The study employs panel data analysis to assess these relationships. Liquidity risks are measured using the cash-to-asset ratio and the liabilities-to-deposit ratio, while operational risks are assessed through two indicators: the operational cost-to-income ratio and the operational cost-to-total-assets ratio. The findings reveal that the liabilities-to-deposit ratio, as represented by liquidity risk, and the operating cost-to-income ratio, as represented by operational risks, have significant negative impacts on the financial stability of conventional banks, which emphasizes the need for effective cost and liquidity management. In Islamic banks, financial stability improves significantly due to liquidity indicators: higher liabilities-to-deposit ratios and cash-to-asset ratios, highlighting how essential liquidity is. The operational risk indicators have no impact on Islamic banks. Moreover, control variables such as return on assets (ROA) positively influence stability in conventional and Islamic banks. However, the stability of conventional and Islamic banks faces negative influences from their size, which indicates that bigger banks could become exposed to operational risks and financial vulnerabilities. The research demonstrates that financial stability elements operate differently between conventional and Islamic banking systems. Financial institutions, together with governments, need to establish solutions to fill these gaps.