Socio-economic inequality in Kazakhstani regions: Assessment and impact on regional development management

Labor productivity determines the level and quality of life of society. The technical and technological level of production determines the level of labor productivity in the country. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to substantiate the basic theoretical principles and practical recommendations for intensification of investment and innovation activity. The object of research is the processes of the intensification of the investment and innovation activity in the system of ensuring of productivity growth. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the scientific works of domestic and foreign authors on labor productivity and ways of its increasing. As a result of the research, the level and dynamics of labor productivity in the countries of the world have been analyzed. The level of labor productivity in Ukraine in comparison with other countries has been determined. The introduction of innovations has been determined among the key factors in the growth of labor productivity. Therefore, the strategy of the investment and innovation development has been proposed. The basic principles of effective implementation of the investment-innovation strategy and the state investment-innovation policy for ensuring labor productivity growth have been substantiated. In order to achieve the goals of state investment and innovation policy and obtain the results on the growth of labor productivity, the priorities of allocation of public finance, as well as measures to enhance the development of venture capital and to stimulate the production of high-tech production have been proposed. The combination of changes from the implementation of the investment and innovation strategy, the state investment and innovation policy will result in the growth of labor productivity, ensure the competitiveness of the economy and sustainable socio-economic development of Ukraine.

The Carpathian Region (Zakarpattia, Lviv, Chernivtsi, and Ivano-Frankivsk) is inferior to other regions in Ukraine regarding its economic development, which does not contribute to migration stability and, rather, serves as a factor motivating the active part of the population to emigrate. The problem of the labor market disproportions in the Carpathian Region is one of the significant causes of the formation and subsequent implementation of migration intentions, especially in rural areas, less economically developed areas, and district centers, where labor demand is much lower. The research aims to develop an innovative approach to calculating the intensity of the population’s external migration based on the introduction of a correction coefficient, which enables to consider the scale of transit migration in the Carpathian Region. The data presented in the study were collected for the period 2005–2018. Granger causality analysis is used to assess the relationship between migration and socio-economic development of the region. The analysis reveals that in all regions of the Carpathian Region, there is a short-run causal relationship between the intensity of external migration and the share of total household expenditure on food; in the medium run, the real household income, the size of the average monthly wages, and the volume of foreign portfolio investment, the foreign economic activity and retail trade turnover in the region; in the long run, living standards and indicators of economic growth. Future studies may require a more diverse set of indicators to evaluate the causal relationship in other regions of Ukraine, which will provide the integrity of the results of Granger causality analysis.

Acknowledgment
The research has been conducted within the framework of applied research ‘Migration Activity of the Population of the Carpathian Region’ (Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Reg. No. 0119U002010, 2019–2021).

Proved that to achieve socio-economic development of state it is necessary to ensure not only invarionmental security of state, but also of enterprise. There are a sufficiently large number of methods to evaluate the economic and ecological security of enterprise and, at the same time, there aren’t any practical methods to evaluate its environmental security. This confirms the necessity to analyse this issue in a more detailed way. The aim of the article is to analyse and identify the drawbacks of existing methods to evaluate the environmental security of enterprise and develop a system of indicators for environmental security of industrial enterprises. The following research methods were used in the article: method of analysis and synthesis to determine the drawbacks of existing methods to establish the level of environmental security, the graph analytic method to build a scheme of the process to develop the system of indicators for environmental security of industrial enterprise. It is determined that the process to develop the system of indicators for environmental security of industrial enterprise is a process of successive stages of determining the purpose and tasks to diagnose the state of environmental security of industrial enterprise, to select and process the necessary information and, directly, to develop a system of indicators of environmental security of industrial enterprise. The practical significance of this study is to determine the level of environmental security of industrial enterprise as an integral indicator. Its core is a set of social and economic, technical and technological, scientific and innovative, managerial and organizational indicators which have to account the criteria related to the external and internal environment of the enterprise activity. The proposed process to develop the system of indicators for environmental security of industrial enterprise allows determining the level of environmental security.