Olivia Tanaya

South Korea has a good image overseas due to the success of its national branding. With the Korean Wave as their national branding, Koreans introduce their country and culture through Korean entertainment. Indonesia is one of the Asian countries exposed to the Korean Wave, especially Korean dramas. This paper aims to analyze the determinants of changes in perceptions and the desire of Indonesians to visit South Korea as a tourist destination. International strategy theory, international marketing theory, and Korean Wave types are analyzed. The research sample consists of 237 randomly selected Korean Wave fans and non-fans. Data were collected using a questionnaire adapted and modified from previous studies. Respondents received questionnaires on-line via Google Forms. Multiple linear regression analysis was used in this study. The findings show that international strategy and marketing can adequately explain changes in the perception and desire of Indonesians to visit South Korea as a tourist destination. The Korean Wave has a positive and significant effect on changes in public perceptions toward Korea. The significant level of 0.000 <0.05 concludes that the four Korean Wave variables (Korean music, food, dramas, and products)simultaneously have a positive effect on changes in the perception of Indonesians people toward South Korea. However, K-pop and K-food were not found to determine the intention to visit South Korea as a tourist destination.

The Korean Wave, also known as Hallyu, is a phenomenon of globalization of South Korean culture that has influenced many aspects of life in various countries. Indonesia is a country affected by the Korean Wave due to globalization through the media. This paper aims to analyze the impacts of four detailed movie-related Korean Wave variables (visual, vocal, celebrity, and language) on intention to visit South Korea, with country image as a mediating variable. The research sample consisted of 302 fans and non-fans of the Korean Wave who either experienced or were interested in Korean Wave cultural contents. Data were collected from September to October 2023. The results were analyzed using the Partial Least Squared Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The results confirm that four Korean Wave traits positively affect Indonesian tourists’ desire to travel to Korea. Improving the movie quality, including visuals, voice, celebrity, and language, might motivate Indonesian tourists to visit Korea. Likewise, the country’s image is positively and significantly influenced by each of the four Korean Wave variables. The findings were statistically significant at 5% significance level. Moreover, the study discovered that the perception of the country considerably affected the desire to travel and served as a go-between for the effects of film visuals, celebrity presence, and language on the decision to visit.

Electronic commerce is gaining importance as a hub for product sourcing, helping businesses earn a competitive edge, and connecting with consumers. Despite its enormous benefits, very few microenterprises in Indonesia adopted electronic commerce. This study analyzes three determinants influencing electronic commerce adoption in microenterprises and evaluates the impacts of these three determinants on firm performance. The paper adopts the TOE (technology, organization, external environment) framework. The quantitative explanatory method uses a questionnaire distributed directly to 113 Indonesian microenterprises’ owners registered in the database of the East Java Department of Cooperative, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises from October 2023 to July 2024. The collected data were processed via structural equation modeling partial least squares (SEM-PLS). The findings indicate that a decision to adopt technology has a direct, positive, and significant impact on the adoption of electronic commerce in Indonesian enterprises. Second, organizational context (such as firm size or age) has a positive and significant effect on the willingness to adopt electronic commerce. Third, the external environment has a positive influence on the adoption of electronic commerce. The results confirm the positive impact of the adoption of electronic commerce on the performance of Indonesian microenterprises. These findings justify the importance of TOE contexts in supporting electronic commerce adoption in Indonesian microenterprises and, in turn, increase the performance of the corresponding micro-firms.

Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology under fundamental research grant number 109/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024.
The authors do not have permission to share the data because the raw data are collected under a license from the East Java Department of Cooperative, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises.