How can data analytics and employee upskilling foster digital maturity and sustainable practices in SMES?

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The accelerating pace of digital and environmental transformation presents both opportunities and challenges for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across the European Union. While digital tools like data analytics can significantly boost operational efficiency and sustainability, many SMEs lack the internal capabilities to fully leverage them. This study investigates how upskilling employees in digital competencies can help SMEs enhance their digital maturity and achieve long-term resilience. A descriptive trend analysis was based on Eurostat datasets focusing on enterprise size categories and examining indicators such as data analytics activities, the prevalence of ICT training, and difficulties encountered in recruiting ICT specialists. Visualized through Tableau, the data reveal notable disparities: in 2023, only 14.5% of small and 33.8% of medium-sized enterprises with high digital maturity performed data analytics, compared to 59.4% of large enterprises. Despite clear demand, only 5% of small and 20% of medium enterprises attempted to recruit ICT-skilled personnel, frequently citing a lack of qualified candidates or unaffordable salary expectations. SMEs rely on their own staff for data analytics tasks, yet many still do not offer structured training. While countries like Finland stand out, with 61.7% of medium enterprises providing ICT upskilling, others fall well below the EU average. These results underscore that internal skill development is not just a workaround but a strategic necessity for SMEs striving to keep pace with digital demands, overcome labor market constraints, and build a foundation for sustainable growth.

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    • Figure 1. Changes in Digital Intensity Index (v3) from 2021 to 2023 by size categories
    • Figure 2. Values of Digital Intensity Index (v3) per enterprise size categories (%)
    • Figure 3. Enterprises with aggregated high and very high Digital Intensity Index, which perform data analytics per country and size category in 2023 (%)
    • Figure 4. Enterprises where own employees perform data analytic tasks, or they were outsourced to third-party organizations in 2023 (%)
    • Figure 5. Enterprise that recruited/tried to recruit personnel for jobs requiring ICT specialist skills in 2022 per country and size class (%)
    • Figure 6. Enterprises encountering difficulties when trying to recruit employees for jobs requiring ICT specialist skills in 2022: Applicant has no relevant education or work experience (%)
    • Figure 7. Enterprises encountering difficulties when trying to recruit employees for jobs requiring ICT specialist skills in 2022: Applicant’s salary expectations are too high, and no applicants applied for jobs (%)
    • Figure 8. Enterprises that provided training to develop/upgrade employees ICT skills (%)
    • Table 1. Eurostat indicator set
    • Table 2. Methods to upskill employees
    • Table A1. Collected and reviewed findings on digital transformation and data analytics benefits and challenges
    • Conceptualization
      Levente Peter Balint, Szilvia Botos
    • Data curation
      Levente Peter Balint, Adam Pentek, Zsofia Nabradi
    • Formal Analysis
      Levente Peter Balint
    • Methodology
      Levente Peter Balint
    • Visualization
      Levente Peter Balint
    • Writing – original draft
      Levente Peter Balint, Szilvia Botos
    • Project administration
      Adam Pentek, Zsofia Nabradi
    • Validation
      Adam Pentek, Zsofia Nabradi
    • Writing – review & editing
      Adam Pentek, Zsofia Nabradi, Szilvia Botos
    • Investigation
      Szilvia Botos
    • Resources
      Szilvia Botos
    • Supervision
      Szilvia Botos