Impact of surface temperature change on food production: Evidence from PLFC and MMQR models

The paper investigates the causal interaction between renewable energy consumption and manufacturing value added in Kazakhstan, a relationship of growing importance in the context of sustainable industrial development. The aim of the study is to assess the direction and nature of causality between these variables over the period from 2000 to 2021. To this end, the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test is applied, offering robust results regardless of the order of integration of the time series data. The empirical analysis identifies a statistically significant bidirectional causal relationship. Specifically, renewable energy consumption has a significant impact on manufacturing value added (p = 0.003), while manufacturing value added also significantly influences renewable energy consumption (p = 0.006). These findings reveal a reciprocal mechanism in which the expansion of renewable energy supports industrial growth, and industrial development, in turn, enhances renewable energy usage. The results underscore the strategic importance of integrating renewable energy policies with industrial development plans. From a policy perspective, the study provides practical insights into fostering sustainable economic growth by aligning environmental and industrial objectives in Kazakhstan.

Most of the recent environmental and economic studies focus on the influence of renewable energy consumption and effective government expenditure respecting global climate change in leading sustainable economic growth. The empirical studies showed variation in the relationship between these variables. Based on the Keynesian economic growth framework, this study aims to investigate the impact of government expenditure, renewable energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions on the sustainable economic growth of Lebanon. The study used the ordinary least square method to test the short- and long-run relationship between the model variables by employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Stationarity estimation. The research data are gathered from the World Development Indicators annually from 1990 to 2022. The empirical findings showed that all variables are stationary at first difference except for carbon dioxide emissions. A long-term relationship between the dependent and independent variables was shown by the model test simulation employing the bound test. The model test for model residuals showed no heteroscedasticity based on the White test. The residuals are normally distributed by applying the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the model is stable with no structural break at the period. According to the study results, government spending has a robust reverse relation with sustainable economic growth and positive significant results for both renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The study findings are consistent with some literature sources and raise attention to monitoring the nature of government spending and boosting green energy sources in an economy.

As urgent actions are required to accelerate the transition to a more environmentally friendly energy sector and global economy, the rising geopolitical risks defined as any tensions that disrupt the peace of local and international relations pose greater uncertainty to the rapid renewable energy deployment in supporting the carbon-neutrality ambitions. Thus, this paper investigates the influence of geopolitical risks on renewable energy consumption in OECD countries over the period 1970–2022 to address potential estimation biases from ignoring recent events such as COVID-19 and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. The paper applies a system GMM to a cross-country panel dataset while controlling for per capita income, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, economic globalization, and natural resource rents to deal with all possible sources of endogeneity. The results show that geopolitical risks reduce the consumption of renewable energy, with a magnitude of 0.22 percentage points. In addition, CO2 emissions and natural resource rents adversely affect the amount of renewable energy consumption. However, economic growth and globalization promote the demand for renewable energy. Therefore, the empirical findings suggest that geopolitical risks play a crucial role in the consumption of renewable energy.

Acknowledgement
The financial support from Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under the project EP/T022930/1 is gratefully acknowledged. Authors would like to thank Prof. David Reiner and the Editor for their constructive comments and suggestions.