Life insurance demand in OECD economies: New insights into economic, demographic, and social drivers
-
DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ins.17(1).2026.04
-
Article InfoVolume 17 2026, Issue #1, pp. 51-64
- 14 Views
-
2 Downloads
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Type of the article: Research Article
Abstract
This study investigates the determinants influencing life insurance demand across 38 OECD countries over the period 2009 to 2022, with the data sourced from OECD Insurance Statistics, the World Bank, and the World Development Indicators (WDI). The purpose is to identify and analyze the determinants that shape life insurance penetration (premiums as a percentage of GDP) and density (premiums per capita), providing a comprehensive understanding of market dynamics. Using panel data, the study employs a dynamic regression model with Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) to ensure accuracy and reliability, complemented by Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) for robustness. The findings indicate that economic, demographic, and social factors significantly impact life insurance demand. GDP per capita, poverty rates, and healthcare expenditure to GDP significantly stimulate life insurance demand. Life expectancy positively correlates with insurance penetration, whereas a higher dependency ratio adversely affects it. In contrast, inflation and education expenditure to GDP are found to reduce demand. However, urbanization is found to have no significant influence. The study provides actionable insights for policymakers to design strategies that safeguard consumer interests while promoting market expansion. Furthermore, OECD countries stand out as appealing investment destinations within the stable insurance sector. These findings highlight opportunities for insurance companies to adapt offerings to evolving consumer needs, boosting competitiveness and profitability.
Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Anup Kumar Saha, Lecturer in Accounting at Keele University, United Kingdom, for his valuable intellectual input and constructive feedback.
- Keywords
-
JEL Classification (Paper profile tab)G22, J11, E21, C23
-
References49
-
Tables5
-
Figures1
-
- Figure 1. Theoretical framework for life insurance demand
-
- Table 1. Description of variables
- Table 2. Descriptive statistics
- Table 3. Correlation matrix
- Table 4. Regression results of determinants of insurance demand in OECD countries using the Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) model
- Table 5. Regression results of determinants of insurance demand in OECD countries using the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model
-
- Alhassan, A. L., & Biekpe, N. (2016). Determinants of life insurance consumption in Africa. Research in International Business and Finance, 37, 17-27.
- Ando, A., & Modigliani, F. (1963). The life-cycle Hypothesis of Saving: Aggregate Implications and Tests. American Economic Review, 53, 55-84.
- Beck, T., & Webb, I. (2003). Economic, demographic, and institutional determinants of life insurance consumption across countries. The World Bank Economic Review, 17(1), 51-88.
- Browne, M. J., & Kim, K. (1993). An International Analysis of Life Insurance Demand. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 60(4), 616-634.
- Browne, M. J., Chung, J., & Frees, E. W. (2000). International property-liability insurance consumption. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 67(1), 73-90.
- Cohen, M., & Sebstad, J. (2005). Reducing vulnerability: The demand for microinsurance. Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, 17(3), 397-474.
- Dieleman, J. L., & Templin, T. (2014). Random-effects, fixed-effects and the within-between specification for clustered data in observational health studies: a simulation study. PloS one, 9(10), e110257.
- Donni, O., & Fecher, F. (1997). Efficiency and Productivity of the Insurance Industry in the OECD Countries. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 22(4), 523-535.
- Dragos, S. L. (2014). Life and non-life insurance demand: the different effects of influence factors in emerging countries from Europe and Asia. Economic research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 27(1), 169-180.
- Dragotă, I.M., Cepoi, C. O., & Ştefan, L. (2022). Threshold effect for the life insurance industry: evidence from OECD countries. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance – Issues and Practice, 48, 799-820.
- Dyson, T. (2011). The role of the demographic transition in the process of urbanization. Population and Development Review, 37, 34-54.
- Eggleston, K. N., & Fuchs, V. R. (2012). The new demographic transition: most gains in life expectancy now realized late in life. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 137-156.
- Friedman, M. (1957). The permanent income hypothesis. In A theory of the consumption function (pp. 20-37). Princeton University Press.
- Gârbo, V. I. (2016). Protection and investment through life insurance. Calitatea, 17(2), 29-34.
- Gerdtham, U. G., Søgaard, J., Andersson, F., & Jönsson, B. (1992). An econometric analysis of health care expenditure: A cross-section study of the OECD countries. Journal of Health Economics, 11(1), 63-84.
- Haiss, P., & Sümegi, K. (2008). The relationship between insurance and economic growth in Europe: a theoretical and empirical analysis. Empirica, 35, 405-431.
- Halilbegović, S., Pekmez, Z., & Rehman, A. (2023). Modeling the Nexus of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Progress in Southeastern Europe: A Panel Data Analysis. Sustainability, 15(12), 9413.
- Hasan, S. H., Tawfiq, T. T., Hasan, M. M., & Islam, K. A. (2024). Corporate governance dynamics in financial institution performance: A panel data analysis. Investment Management & Financial Innovations, 21(3), 292.
- Hasan, S. M. (2024). Does Islamic Mutual Fund Bear Higher Risk than Conventional Mutual Funds? An Empirical Analysis from Bangladesh: Islamic Mutual Fund vs. Conventional Mutual Fund. Jahangirnagar University Journal of Business Research, 24(01), 43-62.
- Hasan, S. M., Islam, K. A., Tawfiq, T. T., & Saha, P. (2025a). Triple pillars of sustainable finance: The role of green finance, CSR, and digitalization on bank performance in Bangladesh. Banks and Bank Systems, 20(1), 38-50.
- Hasan, S. M., Islam, R., & Saha, P. (2025b). Corporate governance mechanisms and firm value in emerging markets: Evidence from the banking sector of Bangladesh. Banks and Bank Systems, 20(3), 263-278.
- Hasan, S. M., Munmun, S., & Saha, P. (2025c). The dynamics of life insurance demand in Bangladesh: An empirical analysis of socio-economic influences. Insurance Markets and Companies, 16(2), 11-23.
- Hwang, T., & Gao, S. (2003). The determinants of the demand for life insurance in an emerging economy – the case of China. Managerial Finance, 29(5/6), 82-96.
- Kjosevski, J. (2012). The determinants of life insurance demand in central and southeastern Europe. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(3), 237-247.
- Kleiman, E. (1974). The determinants of national outlay on health. In The Economics of Health and Medical Care: Proceedings of a Conference Held by the International Economic Association at Tokyo (pp. 66-88). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
- Lenten, L. J., & Rulli, D. N. (2006). A time-series analysis of the demand for life insurance companies in Australia: an unobserved components approach. Australian Journal of Management, 31(1), 41-66.
- Lewis, F. D. (1989). Dependents and the demand for life insurance. The American Economic Review, 79(3), 452-467.
- Li, D., Moshirian, F., Nguyen, P., & Wee, T. (2007). The demand for life insurance in OECD countries. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 74(3), 637-652.
- Mapharing, M., Otuteye, E., & Radikoko, I. (2015). Determinants of demand for life insurance: The case of Canada. Journal of Comparative International Management, 18(2), 1-22.
- Mossin, J. (1968). Aspects of rational insurance purchasing. Journal of Political Economy, 76(4, Part 1), 553-568.
- Newhouse, J. P. (1977). Medical-care expenditure: a cross-national survey. The Journal of Human Resources, 12(1), 115-125.
- Nyman, J. A. (2001). The demand for insurance: Expected utility theory from a gain perspective (Discussion Paper No. 313).
- OECD. (n.d.). OECD insurance statistics.
- Outreville, J. F. (2015). The relationship between relative risk aversion and the level of education: A survey and implications for the demand for life insurance. Journal of Economic Surveys, 29(1), 97-111.
- Saha, A. K., & Khan, I. (2024). Disaggregating air, water and renewable energy disclosures in developing economies: the role of regulatory impact and board characteristics. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 26(2), 498-530.
- Satrovıc, E., & Muslıja, A. (2018). Economic and demographic determinants of the demand for life insurance: Multivariate analysis. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 16(1), 102-115.
- Segodi, M. P., & Sibindi, A. B. (2022). Determinants of life insurance demand: Empirical Evidence from BRICS Countries. Risks, 10(4), 73.
- Smith, V. L. (1968). Optimal Insurance Coverage. Journal of Political Economy, 76(1), 68-77.
- Srinivasan, M., & Mitra, S. (2024). Determinants of Life Insurance Consumption in OECD Countries Using FMOLS and DOLS Techniques. Risks, 12(2), 35.
- Szpiro, G. G., & Outreville, J. F. (1988). Relative risk aversion around the world. Journal of Banking and Finance, 6(1), 127-128.
- Templeton, G. F. (2011). A two-step approach for transforming continuous variables to normal: implications and recommendations for IS research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 28(4), 41-58.
- Ward, D., & Zurbruegg, R. (2000). Does insurance promote economic growth? Evidence from OECD countries. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 67(4), 489-506.
- Ward, D., & Zurbruegg, R. (2002). Law, politics and life insurance consumption in Asia. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 27(3), 395-412.
- World Bank Group. (n.d.). World Development Indicators (WDI).
- World Bank. (n.d.). World Bank Open Data.
- Yaari, M. E. (1965). Uncertain lifetime, life insurance, and the theory of the consumer. The Review of Economic Studies, 32(2), 137-150.
- Yadav, B., & Tiwari, A. (2012). A study on factors affecting customers investment towards life insurance policies. International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research, 1(7), 106-123.
- Zerriaa, M., & Noubbigh, H. (2016). Determinants of life insurance demand in the MENA region. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance – Issues and Practice, 41, 491-511.
- Zerriaa, M., Amiri, M. M., Noubbigh, H., & Naoui, K. (2017). Determinants of life insurance demand in Tunisia. African Development Review, 29(1), 69-80.


