Sanjeeta Parab

India’s banking sector, with its mix of public and private banks, presents diverse opportunities from an investment perspective. The relative performance of public and private sector banks is a crucial consideration when optimizing investment allocation strategies. Much academic debate has centered around the comparative performance of the public versus private sector, with conflicting findings. This study aims to analyze the financial performance of public versus private banks in India from a comparative investment perspective. To analyze the financial performance of public and private banks in India from an investment perspective, the Net Interest Margin ratio, Gross Non-Performing asset ratio, Net Non-Performing asset ratio, Current Account Savings Account (CASA) ratio, and total deposit over ten years from 2014–2023 are employed. The findings of the study state that the Net Interest Margin range of private sector banks extends from 6.06% to 2.76%, while the range of public banks begins at 2.66% and goes as low as 2.06%. The gross and net non-performing asset ratios witness higher consistency in asset quality and better risk management in the private sector. However, public sector banks, led by the State Bank of India, maintain dominance in total deposits. While both sectors perform on par in the Current Account Savings Account ratio analysis, the hold of the public sector, especially the State Bank of India, in terms of total deposits, is indisputable. The study concludes that private sector banks demonstrate superior efficiency to public sector banks in India, particularly in profitability, risk management, and asset quality.

Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge everyone who contributed to the study, particularly Goa Business School and Goa University.

The transition to a sustainable energy economy requires substantial public investment, with government spending playing a crucial role in driving the adoption of renewable energy and achieving environmental outcomes. This study investigates the impact of India’s budgetary allocations on renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth. The analysis covers annual data from 1990 to 2024. It employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach and the Granger causality test to examine long-term equilibrium relationships and directional causality among the variables. The results indicate a statistically significant long-run relationship between government expenditure, renewable energy usage, and carbon emissions. Specifically, a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption (REC) results in a 1.14% decrease in carbon emissions, demonstrating the environmental benefits of clean energy deployment. The ARDL model also shows that past government disbursements significantly contribute to emissions reduction, with coefficients of –2147.41 (p < 0.001) and –997.36 (p < 0.05) at lags one and two, respectively. Granger causality results confirm an unidirectional causal relationship between renewable energy expenditures (REE) and carbon emissions, as well as between government spending and gross domestic product (GDP), highlighting the dual impact of such investment on environmental sustainability and economic growth. The findings underscore the effectiveness of public financial support in accelerating the transition to renewable energy while advancing macroeconomic goals. Strengthening and sustaining government investment in renewable energy is essential for achieving India’s long-term development targets, reducing carbon intensity, and promoting green economic growth.